Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Aug 27;15(1):31617.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-00398-4.

Synthesis and characterization of bio-based eco-friendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshell powder

Asmare Tezera Admase  1 , Tesfa Nega Gesese  2 , Solomon Workneh Fenta  1 , Bereded Gedamu Eshete  1
Affiliations

Synthesis and characterization of bio-based eco-friendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshell powder

Asmare Tezera Admase et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of biomass base ecofriendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshells, utilizing biowaste materials as sources of starch and plasticizer, with eggshells serving as a filler to enhance overall material properties. Reusing biowaste is important in reducing environmental waste and promoting sustainable practices. Findings reveal that increasing eggshell content from 15 to 60% significantly reduces moisture absorption from 18.75 ± 0.02% to 5.31 ± 0.04%, while tensile strength declines from 8.18 ± 0.02 to 5.17 ± 0.02 MPa at constant glycerol levels. In contrast, glycerol enhances moisture retention, increasing absorbance from 18.75 ± 0.02% to 20.15 ± 0.02% as glycerol concentration rises from 5 to 20% in a 15% eggshell composite. The optimal biodegradability was achieved with a plasticizer concentration of 10% and a filler (clay) content of 30%, resulting in a degradation rate of 78.25 ± 0.01%. The eggshell at 30% and glycerol at 5% achieve a degradation rate of 87.31 ± 0.03%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveal that the composites exhibit superior thermal stability, making them suitable for diverse applications. This research highlights the environmental benefits of biowaste materials, trade-offs in material performance, the need for moisture management in packaging, and enhancements from waste starch and plasticizer. These results underscore the potential for creating sustainable and functional composites through utilizing and reusing biowaste materials.

Keywords: Biobased; Biodegradation; Composites; Eggshell; Sustainable.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Preparation of Starch from bio-waste materials.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Eggshell filler preparation.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effects of glycerol and eggshell on the moisture uptake.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effect of glycerol and eggshell on the mechanical strength (tensile strength).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Effects of glycerol and eggshell on biodegradability.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Effects of glycerol and eggshell on water vapor permeability.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
TGA analysis for controlled and reinforced composite biofilm formulations (PBS-Potato Banana peel starch, Gly-glycerol as plasticizer).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
DSC analyses for controlled and reinforced composite formulations (PBS-Potato Banana peel starch, Gly-glycerol as plasticizer).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Santu, A., Sujith, A., Sherly, K. B. & Kurian, M. Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol and starch composite reinforced with eggshell. AIP Conf. Proc.10.1063/5.0018810 (2020).
    1. Kanaginahal, G. et al. Theoretical and experimental assessment of thermal stability of novel bio-waste Habesha eggshell particles reinforced epoxy composite. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery10.1007/s13399-023-04704-w (2023).
    1. Shin, L. J., Barathi Dassan, E. G., Zainol Abidin, M. S. & Anjang, A. Tensile and compressive properties of glass fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composite with eggshell powder. Arab. J. Sci. Eng.45, 5783–5791. 10.1007/s13369-020-04561-z (2020).
    1. Manikandan, R. et al. Experimental analysis of basalt fiber reinforced egg shell/water hyacinth loaded epoxy composites. Mater. Today Proc.45, 1660–1663. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.557 (2021).
    1. Panchal, M., Raghavendra, G., Prakash, M. O., Ojha, S. & Chandra Bose, P. S. Moisture absorption behavior of treated and untreated eggshell particulate epoxy composites. SILICON10(3), 859–867. 10.1007/s12633-016-9541-6 (2018).

LinkOut - more resources