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. 2025 Aug 27;15(1):31633.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16945-y.

Light weight blockchain with IoT devices to secure smart non-fungible tokens using hybrid secure functions

Lanye Wei  1 , Zhao Liu  2   3
Affiliations

Light weight blockchain with IoT devices to secure smart non-fungible tokens using hybrid secure functions

Lanye Wei et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The rise of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices created new demands for secure data management. To address these needs, we propose LIBLO, a lightweight blockchain-based smart NFT architecture designed for decentralized environments with limited resources. Traditional models mostly depend on heavy computation techniques to ensure the data security. To avoid this, LIBLO introduces a compressed blockchain layer combined with lightweight encryption techniques. This allows secure storage, verification, and controlled access to IoT-generated data without overloading devices. In this architecture, LIBLO acts as a trusted digital framework that securely encapsulates metadata, ownership identity, and access control policies. Each transaction is verified through digital signatures and efficiently recorded on a compressed blockchain ledger. This design ensures privacy, traceability, and integrity and also contributes to energy-efficient implementation in real-time IoT scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the suggested LIBLO achieves high encryption strength and strong decryption accuracy of 0.96%, and low error rates of (1.1%). By simplifying cryptographic operations and reducing blockchain complexities, LIBLO presents a practical and adaptable solution for securing digital assets and IoT interactions in smart environments.

Keywords: Compressed ledger; Decentralized architecture; Digital signatures; Internet of things (IoT); Lightweight blockchain; Metadata protection; Secure data management; Smart Non-Fungible tokens (NFTs).

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Proposed LIBLO model for smart and secure NFT.
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Algorithm 1: Lightweight encryption using SIT cipher
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Algorithm 2: ECC based digital signature generation
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Algorithm 3: Compressed ledger storage and access control
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Encryption strength.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Decryption accuracy.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Data integrity.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Error handling.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
User experience rating comparison.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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