Competing interests: M.J.F. has served as a paid consultant with Minovia Therapeutics (last in 2021) and Imel Therapeutics (last in 2022), and has served as a preclinical stage research collaborator with Minovia Therapeutics (last in 2022) and Imel Therapeutics (last in 2022). M.J.F is also engaged with biopharma companies involved in mitochondrial disease therapeutic preclinical and/or clinical-stage development, including as co-founder and Chief Scientific Advisor of Rarefy Therapeutics; an advisory board member with equity interest in RiboNova; a scientific advisory board member and paid consultant with Khondrion and Larimar Therapeutics; a paid consultant for Astellas (formerly MitoBridge), Ajinomoto Cambrooke, Casma Therapeutics, Cyclerion Therapeutics, Imel Therapeutics, Mayflower, Minovia Therapeutics, Mission Therapeutics, Myto Therapeutics, NeuroVive Pharmaceutical, Precision Biosciences, Primera Therapeutics, Reneo Therapeutics, Saol Therapeutics, Stealth BioTherapeutics, and Vincere Bio; and/or a sponsored research collaborator for Adjuvia Therapeutics, Astellas, Cyclerion Therapeutics, Epirium Bio, Imel Therapeutics, Khondrion, Merck, Minovia Therapeutics, Mission Therapeutics, NeuroVive Pharmaceutical, PTC Therapeutics, Reneo Therapeutics, RiboNova, Saol Therapeutics, Standigm, and Stealth BioTherapeutics. M.J.F has also received royalties from Elsevier, and speaker fees from Agios Pharmaceuticals and GenoMind. J.R.B. is a member of the scientific advisory board of LUCA Science; receives research support from LUCA Science and Edgewise Therapeutics; is a consultant for Columbus Instruments; receives royalties from Springer Nature Group; is an inventor on technology licensed to Columbus Instruments with royalty rights; is an inventor on pending patent applications related to the treatment of metabolic diseases (63/625,555), allergic diseases (US20210128689A1) and mitochondrial transfer (018984/US). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.