Lipid-Based Nanotechnologies for Delivery of Green Tea Catechins: Advances, Challenges, and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Knowing the superior biochemical defense mechanisms of sessile organisms, it is not hard to believe the cure for any human sickness might be hidden in nature-we "just" have to identify it and make it safely available in the right dose to our organs and cells that are in need. For decades, green tea catechins (GTCs) have been a case in point. Because of their low redox potential and favorable positioning of hydroxyl groups, these flavonoid representatives (namely, catechin-C, epicatechin-EC, epicatechin gallate-ECG, epigallocatechin-EGC, epigallocatechin gallate-EGCG) are among the most potent plant-derived (and not only) antioxidants. The proven anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic properties of these phytochemicals further contribute to their favorable pharmacological profile. Doubtlessly, GTCs hold the potential to "cope" with the majority of today's socially significant diseases, yet their mass use in clinical practice is still limited. Several factors related to the compounds' membrane penetrability, chemical stability, and solubility overall determine their low bioavailability. Moreover, the antioxidant-to-pro-oxidant transitioning behavior of GTCs is highly conditional and, to a certain degree, unpredictable. The nanoparticulate delivery systems represent a logical approach to overcoming one or more of these therapeutic challenges. This review particularly focuses on the lipid-based nanotechnologies known to be a leading choice when it comes to drug permeation enhancement and not drug release modification nor drug stabilization solely. It is our goal to present the privileges of encapsulating green tea catechins in either vesicular or particulate lipid carriers with respect to the increasingly popular trends of advanced phytotherapy and functional nutrition.

Keywords: bioavailability enhancement; drug delivery systems; epigallocatechin gallate; flavonoid antioxidants; functional nutrition; green tea catechins; lipid-based nanocarriers; phytochemical therapeutics; phytotherapy.

Figure 1

Chemical structures of catechins and C. sinensis teas as the primary sources for their isolation. Created in BioRender. Ivanova, N. (2025) https://BioRender.com/ugrvxl0.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of the mechanisms by which GTCs cross the BBB: While free GTCs exhibit limited passive diffusion and are subject to efflux, nanoformulated catechins demonstrate enhanced brain penetration. Created in BioRender. Stoeva-Grigorova, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/0qultjs.

Figure 3

Schematic representation of different lipid-based drug delivery nanosystems with their subtypes. Created in BioRender. Ivanova, N. (2025) https://BioRender.com/pkkk0zv.