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. 2025 Aug 12;25(16):4995.
doi: 10.3390/s25164995.

Asymmetries of Force and Power During Single-Leg Counter Movement Jump in Young Adult Females and Males

Jarosław Kabaciński  1 , Joanna Gorwa  1 , Waldemar Krakowiak  1 , Michał Murawa  1
Affiliations

Asymmetries of Force and Power During Single-Leg Counter Movement Jump in Young Adult Females and Males

Jarosław Kabaciński et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Background/objectives: Inter-limb asymmetry of a given variable for vertical jumps is commonly assessed in both healthy individuals and those undergoing rehabilitation post-injury. The aim of this study was to compare the asymmetry index between the take-off and landing of a single-leg counter movement jump (CMJ), as well as between females and males.

Methods: Twenty-three healthy females (age: 21.5 ± 1.6 years) and twenty-three healthy males (age: 21.1 ± 1.8 years) participated in this study. The assessment of two asymmetry indices (AI1 and AI2) was conducted for the peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF) and maximum power (MP) during single-leg CMJ take-offs and landings performed on the force platform.

Results: The analysis showed significant main effects (p < 0.001) for the phase factor (only AI2) and for the gender factor (only AI1). Moreover, there was a non-significant interaction effect between the phase factor and gender factor (p = 0.476). Pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in the values of (1) AI2 between the take-off and landing (p < 0.001) and (2) AI1 between females and males (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Findings showed significant effects of the phase factor (only for AI2) and gender factor (only for AI1) on the magnitude of inter-limb asymmetry during single-leg CMJs. Furthermore, this study reported the significantly higher asymmetry of the PVGRF and MP for landing than take-off, which may result from difficulties in controlling the jumper's landing technique on one foot at higher velocity. In addition, the assessment of asymmetry for single-leg CMJs using AI1 should be performed separately for females and males, as opposed to AI2. Participants of both genders generally demonstrated a higher AI level for the power than for the force.

Keywords: asymmetry; force; gender; power; single-leg counter movement jump.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The means and standard deviations of (a) the AI1 and (b) the AI2 for the PVGRF. AI1—the first asymmetry index, AI2—the second asymmetry index, PVGRF—the peak vertical ground reaction force, I—take-off vs. landing for females, II—take-off vs. landing for males, III—females vs. males for take-off, IV—females vs. males for landing, a—significance for comparisons between take-off and landing, b—significance for comparisons between females and males.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The means and standard deviations of (a) the AI1 and (b) the AI2 for the MP. AI1—the first asymmetry index, AI2—the second asymmetry index, MP—the maximum power, I—take-off vs. landing for females, II—take-off vs. landing for males, III—females vs. males for take-off, IV—females vs. males for landing, a—significance for comparisons between take-off and landing, b—significance for comparisons between females and males.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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