An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial

Yilan Wu^#^{1

2}, Bo Qian^#^{3

4

5}, Tingyao Li^#^{3

4}, Yiming Qin^#^{1

2

3

4}, Zhouyu Guan^#³, Tingli Chen^#⁶, Yali Jia^#^{7

8}, Ping Zhang^#^{9

10}, Dian Zeng^#^{1

2}, Sayoko Moroi¹¹, Rajiv Raman¹², Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard^{13

14}, Frederik Pedersen¹³, José Alogo Obiang Ñehe¹⁵, Tengku Ain Kamalden^{16

17}, Yukun Zhou^{18

19}, Yixiao Jin¹, Huating Li³, An Ran Ran²⁰, Dawei Yang²⁰, Ziyao Meng^{3

4}, Qingsheng Peng^{21

22}, Ying Feng Zheng²³, Dingqiao Wang²⁴, Hongwei Ji^{1

2}, Pengxiao Zang^{7

8}, Changchang Yin^{9

10}, Jie Shen²⁵, Youxin Chen^{26

27

28}, Weihong Yu^{26

27

28}, Rongping Dai^{27

28}, Chenxi Zhang^{21

26

27

28}, Xinyu Zhao^{26

27

28}, Xiangning Wang²⁹, Yan Chen²⁹, Qiang Wu²⁹, Hongbin Xie³⁰, Simon K H Szeto²⁰, Julia Y Y Chan²⁰, Victor T T Chan²⁰, Hua-Tao Xie³¹, Ruili Wei³², Jin Li³³, Weizhi Ma³⁴, Lei Zhu^{35

36}, Hongqiu Wang³⁵, Huazhu Fu³⁷, Wenxiao Wang³⁸, Shan Lin³⁹, Zejun Xu³⁹, Nian Guan³⁹, Xiao Zhang⁴⁰, Andrzej Grzybowski^{41

42}, Monika Gołębiowska-Bogaj⁴³, Maciej Gawęcki⁴³, Adrian Smedowski^{44

45

46}, Wojciech Szaraniec^{47

48}, You Wu^{49

50}, Yang Wen⁵¹, Xiang Chen^{3

4}, Yuanqi Yao^{3

4}; EyeFM Global Reader Study Team; Lee-Ling Lim^{52

53

54}, Carol Y Cheung²¹, Gavin Siew Wei Tan²², Jakob Grauslund¹⁴, Paisan Ruamviboonsuk⁵⁵, Sobha Sivaprasad^{19

20}, Pearse A Keane^{19

20}, Ya Xing Wang¹, Yih-Chung Tham^{21

22

56}, Ching-Yu Cheng^{21

22}, Tien Yin Wong^{57

58

59

60}, Bin Sheng^{61

62}

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

EyeFM Global Reader Study Team:
Joshua Evans, Alan Letson, Frederik Davidorf, Mona Adeli, Peter Chen, Thomas A Mendel, Yi Huang, Xiyun Bian, Jing Wang, Xiaolong Yang, Haifang Zhang, Yihan Li, Bo Qu, Hongzhi Yuan, Mengxiang Guo, Dingqiao Wang, Ming Zhou, Wen Shi, Shiqun Lin, Yan Zhou, Lars Morten Skollerud, Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard, Frederik Pedersen, Bjarke Steenberg Smith, Andreas Abou Taha, José Alogo Obiang Ñehe, Celestino Edjang Nguema Mikue, Praveena Venkatakrishnan, Dhaivat Shah, Abhishek Kumar Tripathi, Dharshan Bhatt, Urvashi Kala, Abhishek Karra, Tengku Ain Kamalden, Tajunisah Iqbal, Penny Lott Pooi Wah, Marium Jamaluddin Ahmad, Nurul Najieha Amir, Irina Effendi-Tenang

Affiliations

¹ Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
² School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
³ Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
⁴ MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
⁵ College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Health and Medical Centre, Wuxi, China.
⁷ Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁹ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹¹ Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
¹³ Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹⁴ Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.
¹⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁷ Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁸ NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
¹⁹ Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
²⁰ Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
²¹ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
²² Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
²³ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
²⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
²⁵ Medical Records and Statistics Office, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
²⁶ Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
²⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
²⁸ Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China.
²⁹ Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁰ Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
³¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
³² Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China.
³³ Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁴ Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
³⁵ ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
³⁶ Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
³⁷ Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
³⁸ Key Laboratory of River Basic Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region, Taipa, China.
³⁹ Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China.
⁴⁰ The People's Hospital of Sixian County, Anhui, China.
⁴¹ Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.
⁴² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
⁴³ Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland.
⁴⁴ Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁵ Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁶ GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁹ School of Healthcare Management, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
⁵⁰ Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
⁵¹ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
⁵² Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁵³ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
⁵⁴ Baker Heart and Diabetes Insitute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁵⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵⁶ Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
⁵⁷ Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁵⁸ School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁵⁹ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁶⁰ Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁶¹ Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.
⁶² MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40877476
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03900-7

An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial

Yilan Wu et al. Nat Med. 2025.

. 2025 Aug 28.

doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03900-7. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Collaborators

EyeFM Global Reader Study Team:
Joshua Evans, Alan Letson, Frederik Davidorf, Mona Adeli, Peter Chen, Thomas A Mendel, Yi Huang, Xiyun Bian, Jing Wang, Xiaolong Yang, Haifang Zhang, Yihan Li, Bo Qu, Hongzhi Yuan, Mengxiang Guo, Dingqiao Wang, Ming Zhou, Wen Shi, Shiqun Lin, Yan Zhou, Lars Morten Skollerud, Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard, Frederik Pedersen, Bjarke Steenberg Smith, Andreas Abou Taha, José Alogo Obiang Ñehe, Celestino Edjang Nguema Mikue, Praveena Venkatakrishnan, Dhaivat Shah, Abhishek Kumar Tripathi, Dharshan Bhatt, Urvashi Kala, Abhishek Karra, Tengku Ain Kamalden, Tajunisah Iqbal, Penny Lott Pooi Wah, Marium Jamaluddin Ahmad, Nurul Najieha Amir, Irina Effendi-Tenang

Affiliations

¹ Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
² School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
³ Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
⁴ MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
⁵ College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Health and Medical Centre, Wuxi, China.
⁷ Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁹ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹¹ Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
¹³ Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹⁴ Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.
¹⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁷ Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁸ NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
¹⁹ Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
²⁰ Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
²¹ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
²² Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
²³ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
²⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
²⁵ Medical Records and Statistics Office, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
²⁶ Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
²⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
²⁸ Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China.
²⁹ Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁰ Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
³¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
³² Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China.
³³ Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁴ Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
³⁵ ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
³⁶ Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
³⁷ Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
³⁸ Key Laboratory of River Basic Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region, Taipa, China.
³⁹ Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China.
⁴⁰ The People's Hospital of Sixian County, Anhui, China.
⁴¹ Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.
⁴² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
⁴³ Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland.
⁴⁴ Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁵ Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁶ GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
⁴⁹ School of Healthcare Management, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
⁵⁰ Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
⁵¹ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
⁵² Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁵³ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
⁵⁴ Baker Heart and Diabetes Insitute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁵⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵⁶ Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
⁵⁷ Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁵⁸ School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁵⁹ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁶⁰ Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁶¹ Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.
⁶² MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40877476
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03900-7

Abstract

In the context of an increasing need for clinical assessments of foundation models, we developed EyeFM, a multimodal vision-language eyecare copilot, and conducted a multifaceted evaluation, including retrospective validations, multicountry efficacy validation as a clinical copilot and a double-masked randomized controlled trial (RCT). EyeFM was pretrained on 14.5 million ocular images from five imaging modalities paired with clinical texts from global, multiethnic datasets. Efficacy validation invited 44 ophthalmologists across North America, Europe, Asia and Africa in primary and specialty care settings, highlighting its utility as a clinical copilot. The RCT-a parallel, single-center, double-masked study-assessed EyeFM as a clinical copilot in retinal disease screening among a high-risk population in China. A total of 668 participants (mean age 57.5 years, 79.5% male) were randomized to 16 ophthalmologists, equally allocated into intervention (with EyeFM copilot) and control (standard care) groups. The primary endpoint indicated that ophthalmologists with EyeFM copilot achieved higher correct diagnostic rate (92.2% versus 75.4%, P < 0.001) and referral rate (92.2% versus 80.5%, P < 0.001). Secondary outcome indicated improved standardization score of clinical reports (median 33 versus 37, P < 0.001). Participant satisfaction with the screening was similar between groups, whereas the intervention group demonstrated higher compliance with self-management (70.1% versus 49.1%, P < 0.001) and referral suggestions (33.7% versus 20.2%, P < 0.001) at follow-up. Post-deployment evaluations indicated strong user acceptance. Our study provided evidence that implementing EyeFM copilot can improve the performance of ophthalmologists and the outcome of patients. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry registration: ChiCTR2500095518 .

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: Y.J. is a patent holder of Optovue/Visionix, Inc., Optos plc and Genentech, Inc. She receives financial support from Genentech, Inc., and she receives financial compensation from Optovue/Visionix, Inc. and Genentech, Inc. P.A.K. is a co-founder of Cascader Ltd., has acted as a consultant for Retina Consultants of America, Roche, Boehringer Ingleheim and Bitfount and is an equity owner in Big Picture Medical. He has received speaker fees from Zeiss, Thea, Apellis and Roche. He has received travel support from Bayer and Roche. He has attended advisory boards for Topcon, Bayer, Boehringer Ingleheim and Roche. T.Y.W. is a consultant for AbbVie Pte Ltd., Aldropika Therapeutics, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Zeiss, Genentech, Iveric Bio, Novartis, Opthea Limited, Plano, Quaerite Biopharm Research Ltd., Roche, Sanofi and Shanghai Henlius. He is an inventor, holds patents and is a co-founder of start-up companies EyRiS and Visre, which have interests in, and develop digital solutions for, eye diseases. All potential conflicts of interests for consultancy, advisory boards and positions in the start-up companies and financial renumeration, if any, are managed by institutional policies under SingHealth and Tsinghua University. The other authors declare no competing interests.

References

1. Zhou, Y. et al. A foundation model for generalizable disease detection from retinal images. Nature 622, 156–163 (2023). - PubMed - PMC
1. Chen, R. J. et al. Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology. Nat. Med. 30, 850–862 (2024). - PubMed - PMC
1. Lu, M. Y. et al. A visual-language foundation model for computational pathology. Nat. Med. 30, 863–874 (2024). - PubMed - PMC
1. Topol, E. J. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat. Med. 25, 44–56 (2019). - PubMed
1. Tanno, R. et al. Collaboration between clinicians and vision–language models in radiology report generation. Nat. Med. 31, 599–608 (2025). - PubMed

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An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial

Collaborators

Affiliations

An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

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