Direct Endovascular Versus Bridging Therapy in M2 Segment Occlusion of Middle Cerebral Artery: A MR CLEAN Registry Study

Abstract

Background: The optimal strategy for managing M2 segment occlusions of the middle cerebral artery, whether with direct endovascular treatment (EVT) or bridging therapy with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before EVT, remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of both approaches.

Methods: Patients with M2 segment occlusions of the middle cerebral artery, treated between March 2014 and December 2018, were identified from the MR CLEAN Registry (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands), a prospective, nationwide, multicenter registry of patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment during that period. They were divided into 2 groups: those who received IVT followed by EVT, and those who received EVT alone. Primary outcomes included functional outcomes at 90 days, assessed by ordinal logistic regression analysis of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. Secondary outcomes included recanalization rates measured by extended Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scores, dichotomized mRS scores (0-1, 0-2, and 0-3), death at 90 days, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. All analyses were performed using both unadjusted and adjusted multivariable approaches, with adjustment achieved through inverse probability of treatment weighting to account for baseline imbalances, including age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, prior stroke, history of atrial fibrillation, anticoagulant use, and transfer status.

Results: A total of 539 patients with M2 occlusions were included in the analysis: 377 received IVT+EVT and 162 received EVT alone. The median age was significantly lower in the IVT+EVT group compared with the EVT-alone group (71 [61-79] versus 74 [65-81]; P=0.01), whereas the proportion of male patients was similar between groups (55.2% versus 51.9%; P=0.15). At 90 days, inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis showed that IVT+EVT was significantly associated with reduced disability compared with EVT alone (adjusted common odds ratio for mRS score, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.04-2.21]; P=0.03). Dichotomized functional outcomes and mortality were numerically in favor of IVT+EVT, with higher rates of mRS score of 0 to 1 (38.9% versus 29.7%, aOR, 1.40 [95% CI, 0.85-2.30]; P=0.19), mRS score of 0 to 2 (57.8% versus 46.5%; aOR, 1.42 [95% CI, 0.88-2.29]; P=0.15), and mRS score of 0 to 3 (73.2% versus 59.4%, aOR, 1.54 [95% CI, 0.94-2.51]; P=0.09), as well as lower 90-day mortality (17.2% versus 25.8%; aOR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.47-1.45]; P=0.51). In contrast, recanalization rates and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were numerically in favor of EVT alone, but all these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).

Conclusions: Bridging therapy may yield superior functional outcomes compared with EVT alone for patients with the middle cerebral artery-M2 occlusions.

Keywords: intracranial hemorrhage; ischemic stroke; middle cerebral artery; mortality.

Figure 1.

Flowchart of included patients. CTA indicates computed tomography angiography; EVT, endovascular treatment; IVT, intravenous thrombolytic; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MR CLEAN, Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands; and mRS, modified Rankin Scale.

Figure 2.

Distribution of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 90 days comparing outcomes between patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) plus endovascular treatment (EVT) and those treated with EVT alone. A, Overall population. B, Mothership patients. C, Transfer patients. acOR indicates adjusted common odds ratio.