Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Aug 13:12:1633624.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1633624. eCollection 2025.

Immunopathological syndromes: state of the art

Dmitry Kudlay  1   2   3 , Vladimir Kozlov  4 , Andrey A Savchenko  4 , Andrey Simbirtsev  5 , Evgenia Anisimova  5 , Igor Kudryavtsev  6   7 , Anastasia Kulpina  7   8 , Artem Rubinstein  6   7 , Varvara A Ryabkova  9   10 , Leonid P Churilov  9 , Olga Sirotkina  7 , Tatyana Vavilova  7   8 , Anna An Starshinova  7   8 , Alexandr Borisov  4
Affiliations
Review

Immunopathological syndromes: state of the art

Dmitry Kudlay et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

The review of the current state of knowledge on local and systemic immunopathological reactions of cellular and humoral origin, as well as the ways of their interaction, is considered in this article. This study aimed to organize, standardize, and conceptualize existing knowledge about immunopathological syndromes associated with innate immunity. It highlights syndromes linked to type I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions, while also separately examining manifestations related to immunosuppression disorders. The review outlines how to differentiate humoral immunity syndromes based on the classes of immunoglobulins A, M, E, and the four subclasses of immunoglobulin G. Additionally, it provides a detailed analysis of complement system disorders and the mechanisms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, as well as their role in various pathological processes. The authors advocate for a unified set of definitions for immunopathological syndromes related to adaptive immunity, aiming to develop a new concept of their pathogenesis. Currently, many definitions of these syndromes lack consensus, stemming from varying interpretations of their manifestations. The authors also propose standardized tools for assessing immunopathological syndromes, along with guidelines for staging and treatment optimization.

Keywords: COVID-19; adaptive immunity; diagnostics of immune disorders; immune pathology; immune system; immunothrombosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanisms underlying clinical manifestations of the excessive systemic response of the innate immune system in SIRS.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Types of immune response disorders under the influence of various factors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Abbas AK, Lichtman EG, Pillai S. Fundamentals of Immunology. Functions of the Immune System and Their Disorders: Textbook. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; (2022). p. 608.
    1. Kozlov VA, Savchenko AA, Kudryavtsev IV, Kozlov IG, Kudlay DA, Prodeus AP, et al., Clinical Immunology. Krasnoyarsk: Polikor (2020). p. 345.
    1. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. (2017) 9:7204–18. 10.18632/oncotarget.23208 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gusev E, Zhuravleva Y. Inflammation: a new look at an old problem. Int J Mol Sci. (2022) 23:4596. 10.3390/ijms23094596 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jutel M, Agache I, Zemelka-Wiacek M, Akdis M, Chivato T, Del Giacco S, et al. Nomenclature of allergic dis-eases and hypersensitivity reactions: adapted to modern needs: an EAACI posi-tion paper. Allergy. (2023) 78:2851–74. 10.1111/all.15889 Erratum in: Allergy. (2024) 79:269–73. 10.1111/all.15983 - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources