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. 2025 Aug 30;25(1):2972.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24162-5.

Global air pollution exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

Ramez M Odat  1 , Husam Aldean H Hussain  1 , Sakhr Alshwayyat  2   3   4 , Hanan M Qasem  5 , Hamza Anas Marzouk  1 , Mariam Sulaiman Alghraibah  1 , Dua'a Mutlaq Al-Hasaseen  1 , Mutaz M Bani Salameh  1 , Abdullah Itayem  1 , Ali Abedalsalam Shtayat  6 , Abdel Rahman K Bani Yaseen  1 , Hamdah Hanifa  7 , Dang Nguyen  8
Affiliations

Global air pollution exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

Ramez M Odat et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Introduction: Air pollution poses a significant public health threat worldwide, contributing to adverse health outcomes and reduced life expectancy. Recent research has highlighted a growing interest in understanding the association between air pollution and cancer. This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the association between prolonged exposure to air pollution and the risk of HCC.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. Eligible studies were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and data were extracted independently by reviewers. Quality assessment was conducted using established tools, and statistical analysis was performed to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Review manager version 5.4.1.

Results: The search yielded 21 studies comprising a total of 90,319,213 participants. Meta-analysis revealed statistically significant association between NO2 and PM2.5 exposure and HCC incidence with a pooled HR (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.27, P value = 0.01) and (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.20, P value = 0.01), respectively. Also, a statistically significant association between NO2 and PM2.5 exposure and HCC mortality revealed with a pooled HR (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12, P value = 0.002) and (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10–1.25, P value = 0.00001), respectively. PM10 and NOx did not show a significant association according to our review.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis provides evidence of a potential link between air pollution and HCC risk, particularly with PM2.5 and NO2 exposure. However, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish causality. Addressing air pollution through collaborative efforts and environmental regulations may help mitigate the risk of HCC and other types of cancer.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-24162-5.

Keywords: Air pollution; HCC; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Incidence; PM2.5; Public health; Survival.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of the selectin process
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Pooled meta-analysis of the association between HCC mortality and PM2.5 exposure
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Pooled meta-analysis of the association between HCC incidence and PM2.5 exposure
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Pooled meta-analysis of the association between HCC mortality/incidence and NO2 exposure
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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