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. 2025 Aug 15:12:1640390.
doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1640390. eCollection 2025.

Preoperative serum inflammatory markers in the prognostic assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma resection in stages I/II

Fan Liu  1 , Yuan Xiang  2 , Hao Xu  1 , Xiaoxue Xu  1
Affiliations

Preoperative serum inflammatory markers in the prognostic assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma resection in stages I/II

Fan Liu et al. Front Mol Biosci. .

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge, with early-stage resection offering the best chance for improved outcomes. However, limitations of the TNM staging system highlight the need for additional prognostic tools. This study evaluates the prognostic value of preoperative serum inflammatory markers in patients with stage I/II HCC undergoing surgical resection.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 410 HCC patients (stage I/II) who underwent surgical resection at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College between November 2011 and March 2020. Clinical and serological data, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), were analyzed. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) were identified through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A nomogram was developed to predict 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS, with its performance assessed using ROC curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare risk groups, and the model's predictive efficacy was evaluated against the AJCC 8th Edition TNM staging system.

Results: Multivariate Cox regression identified NLR, PLR, ALBI score, AFP levels, and HBeAg status as independent prognostic factors for OS. The nomogram demonstrated superior discriminatory power (AUC: 0.78, 0.74, and 0.71 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS, respectively) compared to TNM staging. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significantly worse OS in the high-risk group (log-rank p < 0.001). The nomogram outperformed the AJCC TNM system in both discrimination and clinical utility, as validated by decision curve analysis and the Integrated Discrimination Improvement Index.

Conclusion: Preoperative serum inflammatory markers, when integrated with traditional TNM staging, significantly improve prognostic accuracy for stage I/II HCC patients undergoing surgical resection. The developed nomogram provides a practical tool for individualized risk stratification and may guide postoperative management to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; nomogram; overall survival; prognostic assessment; serum inflammatory markers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

None
Research Flowchart.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Nomogram for predicting the survival of patients undergoing surgery for stage I/II.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
ROC curves for the nomogram in the training set at 1, 3, and 5 years: (A–C) ROC curves in the validation set at 1, 3, and 5 years: (D–F).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Calibration curves for the nomogram in the training set at 1, 3, and 5 years: (A–C) calibration curves in the validation set at 1, 3, and 5 years: (D–F).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
IDI curves for the training set at 1, 3, and 5 years: (A–C) IDI curves for the validation set at 1, 3, and 5 years: (D–F).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
DCA curves for the nomogram in the training set at 1, 3, and 5°years: (A–C); DCA curves in the validation set at 1, 3, and 5°years: (D–F).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the nomogram: (A) in the training set, (B) in the validation set.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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