The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

Cormac Anderson^{1

2}, Matthew Scarborough³, Lechosław Jocz⁴, Martin Joachim Kümmel⁵, Thomas Jügel⁶, Britta Irslinger⁷, Roland Pooth⁸, Henrik Liljegren⁹, Richard F Strand¹⁰, Geoffrey Haig¹¹, Ulrich Geupel^{12

13}, Martin Macak¹⁴, Ronald I Kim¹⁵, Erik Anonby^{11

16}, Tijmen Pronk¹⁷, Oleg Belyaev¹⁸, Tonya Kim Dewey-Findell¹⁹, Matthew Boutilier²⁰, Cassandra Freiberg²¹, Robert Tegethoff^{5

22}, Matilde Serangeli^{5

23}, Krzysztof Stroński²⁴, Alexander Falileyev²⁵, Nikos Liosis²⁶, Kim Schulte²⁷, Ganesh Kumar Gupta²⁴, Raheleh Izadifar²⁸, Patrycja Markus²⁴, Nicholas Williams²⁹, Simone Loi³⁰, Nicholas Sims-Williams³¹, Martin Findell³², Shirin Adibifar¹¹, Giovanni Abete³³, Petar Atanasov³⁴, Esther Baiwir³⁵, Maria-Reina Bastardas³⁶, Adam Benkato³⁷, Lisa Shugert Bevevino³⁸, Éva Buchi³⁹, Giorgio Cadorini⁴⁰, Chundra Cathcart⁴¹, Loïc Cheveau⁴², Charalambos Christodoulou⁴³, Jérémie Delorme⁴⁴, Steven N Dworkin⁴⁵, Deniz Ekici⁴⁶, Shervin Farridnejad⁴⁷, Mojtaba Gheitasi⁴⁸, Harald Hammarström⁴⁹, Steve Hewitt⁵⁰, Afsar Ali Khan⁵¹, Muhammad Kamal Khan⁵², Liudmila Khokhlova⁵³, Deborah Kim⁵⁴, Christopher Lewin⁵⁵, Borana Lushaj⁵⁶, Parvin Mahmoudveysi⁵⁷, Masoud Mahommadirad^{58

59}, Sam Mersch⁶⁰, Baydaa Mustafa¹¹, Fatemeh Nemati⁶¹, Maryam Nourzaei^{11

49}, Peadar Ó Muircheartaigh⁶², Virginia Oogjen¹⁷, Muhammed Ourang⁶³, Heather Pagan⁶⁴, Timothy S Palmer¹⁷, Steve Pepper⁶⁵, Mandar Purandare²⁴, Khwaja Rehman⁶⁶, Guto Rhys⁶⁷, Unn Røyneland⁶⁸, Muhammad Zaman Sagar⁶⁹, Jade Jørgen Sandstedt^{70

71}, Lars Steensland⁷², Mortaza Taheri-Ardali^{16

73}, Mahnaz Talebi-Dastenaei^{16

74}, Sabine Tittel⁷⁵, Tiago Tresoldi⁴⁹, Michiel de Vaan⁷⁶, Annemarie Verkerk⁷⁷, Arjen Versloot⁷⁸, Paul Videsott⁷⁹, Nikola Vuletić⁸⁰, Manuel Widmer⁸¹, Arash Zeini⁸², Hans-Jörg Bibiko⁸³, Fiona Runge⁸⁴, Russell D Gray^{85

86}, Paul Heggarty^{87

88

89

90}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. cormacanderson@gmail.com.
² Surrey Morphology Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK. cormacanderson@gmail.com.
³ Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, 2300, København S, Denmark. matthew.scarborough@hum.ku.dk.
⁴ Faculty of Humanities, Jacob of Paradies University, Fryderyka Chopina 52, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
⁵ Seminar for Indo-European Studies, Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
⁶ Ruhr-Universität Bochum, CERES - Center of Religious Studies, Universitätsstr. 90a, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
⁷ Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸ Department of Linguistics, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
⁹ Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10 C, Frescati, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁰ Independent scholar, Cottonwood, Arizona, USA.
¹¹ Department of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
¹² Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft und Keltologie, Philipps-Universität, Wilhelm-Röpke-Str. 6E, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
¹³ Lehrstuhl für Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 84, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁴ Independent scholar, Bratislava, Slovakia.
¹⁵ Department of Older Germanic Languages, Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland.
¹⁶ School of Linguistics and Language Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
¹⁷ Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁸ Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Kislovsky lane 1/1, 125009, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁹ Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, School of English, Trent Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
²⁰ Department of German, Nordic and Slavic, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
²¹ Independent scholar, Berlin, Germany.
²² Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
²³ Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, Università di Roma San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.
²⁴ Institute of Oriental Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, 61-780, Poznań, Poland.
²⁵ Departamento de Filología Clásica e Indoeuropeo, University of Salamanca, Palacio de Anaya (Filología), Plaza de Anaya s/n, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
²⁶ Institute of Modern Greek Studies, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
²⁷ Department of Translation and Communication, Jaume I University, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
²⁸ Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Shahid Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan Street, Hamedan, 6516738695, Iran.
²⁹ University College Dublin, Newman, Building, Block A, Level 2, Stillorgan Rd, Belfield, Dublin, D04 T6C2, Ireland.
³⁰ Institut für Linguistik, Philologische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, 04081, Leipzig, Germany.
³¹ SOAS University of London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London, WC1H 0XG, UK.
³² School of English, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
³³ Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Porta di Massa, 1, 80133, Napoli, Italy.
³⁴ Independent scholar, Skopje, North Macedonia.
³⁵ Faculté des Humanités, Université de Lille, Domaine Universitaire du Pont de Bois, 3 Rue du Barreau, 59650, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
³⁶ Departament de Filologia Clàssica, Romànica i Semítica, Facultat de Filologia i Comunicació, Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁷ Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Berkeley, 250 Social Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
³⁸ French and Latin Faculty, University of Minnesota, Morris, Division of Humanities, 600 East Fourth Street, Morris, Minnesota, 56267, USA.
³⁹ ATILF (CNRS & Université de Lorraine), 44 avenue de la Libération, B.P. 30687, 54063, Nancy, France.
⁴⁰ Department of Classical Studies, Philosophical Faculty, Masaryk University, Gorkého 63/14, 602 00, Brno, Czechia.
⁴¹ Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁴² Université Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, CS 24307, 35043, Rennes, France.
⁴³ University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁴⁴ LACITO - UMR 7107 - CNRS / Paris III/Inalco, Langues et civilisations à tradition orale, 7 rue Guy Môquet (bât. D), 94801, Villejuif, France.
⁴⁵ Romance Linguistics, 108 Modern Languages Building, 812 East Washington Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1275, USA.
⁴⁶ Independent scholar, Berkeley, USA.
⁴⁷ Universität Hamburg, Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Flügel Ost, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
⁴⁸ University of Ilam, Ilam Province, Ilam, Pazhohesh Blvd, Iran.
⁴⁹ Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Box 635, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁵⁰ Independent scholar, Östra Ämtervik, Sweden.
⁵¹ Consultant Language Development, FLI 2, Block 19. G-8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
⁵² Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁵³ Department of Indian Philology, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University, Mokhovaya 11, Moscow, 125009, Russia.
⁵⁴ Independent scholar, Grand Forks, USA.
⁵⁵ Faclair na Gàidhlig, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Sleat, Isle of Skye, IV44 8RQ, UK.
⁵⁶ Radboud University, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁵⁷ Department of History and Culture of the Middle East, Asia Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
⁵⁸ UMR 8041 Centre de recherche sur le monde iranien, CNRS - Campus Paris-Villejuif, 7 rue Guy Môquet, 94800, Villejuif, France.
⁵⁹ Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA, UK.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, Université du Luxembourg, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
⁶¹ Department of English Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 7516913817, Iran.
⁶² Celtic and Scottish Studies, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 57 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK.
⁶³ University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
⁶⁴ School of Humanities, University of Westminster, 309 Regent Street, London, W1B 2HW, UK.
⁶⁵ Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1102, Blindern, 0317 OSLO, Norway.
⁶⁶ Directorate of Higher Education Colleges, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.
⁶⁷ Independent scholar, Brussels, Belgium.
⁶⁸ Center for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, PO box 1102, Blindern, 0317 OSLO, Norway.
⁶⁹ Forum for Language Initiatives, P.O Box No. 763, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁷⁰ Volda University College, Postboks 500, 6101, Volda, Norway.
⁷¹ UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
⁷² Independent scholar, Lund, Sweden.
⁷³ Department of English, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
⁷⁴ Department of Linguistics, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁵ Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Karlstraße 4, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁶ Universität Basel, Department of Ancient Civilizations, Historical-Comparative Linguistics, Petersgraben 51, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.
⁷⁷ Department of Language Science and Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
⁷⁸ Germaanse taalkunde, in het bijzonder de Duitse, Scandinavische en Friese talen, Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen, Postbus 1641, 1000 BP, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁷⁹ Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Regensburger Allee 16, 39042, Brixen, Italy.
⁸⁰ Center for Adriatic Onomastics and Ethnolinguistics, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Višeslava 9, 23000, Zadar, Croatia.
⁸¹ NCCR Evolving Language, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁸² Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Oxford, Pusey Lane, Oxford, OX1 2LE, UK.
⁸³ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁴ Independent scholar, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁵ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. russell_gray@eva.mpg.de.
⁸⁶ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland, 1010, New Zealand. russell_gray@eva.mpg.de.
⁸⁷ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.
⁸⁸ WAVES group, Dept of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.
⁸⁹ Language and the Anthropocene Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.
⁹⁰ Departamento de Humanidades, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, 15088, Lima, Peru. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.

PMID: 40897732
PMCID: PMC12405575
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-025-05445-3

The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

Cormac Anderson et al. Sci Data. 2025.

. 2025 Sep 2;12(1):1541.

doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-05445-3.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. cormacanderson@gmail.com.
² Surrey Morphology Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK. cormacanderson@gmail.com.
³ Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, 2300, København S, Denmark. matthew.scarborough@hum.ku.dk.
⁴ Faculty of Humanities, Jacob of Paradies University, Fryderyka Chopina 52, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
⁵ Seminar for Indo-European Studies, Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
⁶ Ruhr-Universität Bochum, CERES - Center of Religious Studies, Universitätsstr. 90a, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
⁷ Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸ Department of Linguistics, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
⁹ Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10 C, Frescati, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁰ Independent scholar, Cottonwood, Arizona, USA.
¹¹ Department of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
¹² Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft und Keltologie, Philipps-Universität, Wilhelm-Röpke-Str. 6E, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
¹³ Lehrstuhl für Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 84, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁴ Independent scholar, Bratislava, Slovakia.
¹⁵ Department of Older Germanic Languages, Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland.
¹⁶ School of Linguistics and Language Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
¹⁷ Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁸ Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Kislovsky lane 1/1, 125009, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁹ Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, School of English, Trent Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
²⁰ Department of German, Nordic and Slavic, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
²¹ Independent scholar, Berlin, Germany.
²² Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
²³ Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, Università di Roma San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.
²⁴ Institute of Oriental Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, 61-780, Poznań, Poland.
²⁵ Departamento de Filología Clásica e Indoeuropeo, University of Salamanca, Palacio de Anaya (Filología), Plaza de Anaya s/n, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
²⁶ Institute of Modern Greek Studies, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
²⁷ Department of Translation and Communication, Jaume I University, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
²⁸ Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Shahid Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan Street, Hamedan, 6516738695, Iran.
²⁹ University College Dublin, Newman, Building, Block A, Level 2, Stillorgan Rd, Belfield, Dublin, D04 T6C2, Ireland.
³⁰ Institut für Linguistik, Philologische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, 04081, Leipzig, Germany.
³¹ SOAS University of London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London, WC1H 0XG, UK.
³² School of English, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
³³ Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Porta di Massa, 1, 80133, Napoli, Italy.
³⁴ Independent scholar, Skopje, North Macedonia.
³⁵ Faculté des Humanités, Université de Lille, Domaine Universitaire du Pont de Bois, 3 Rue du Barreau, 59650, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
³⁶ Departament de Filologia Clàssica, Romànica i Semítica, Facultat de Filologia i Comunicació, Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁷ Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Berkeley, 250 Social Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
³⁸ French and Latin Faculty, University of Minnesota, Morris, Division of Humanities, 600 East Fourth Street, Morris, Minnesota, 56267, USA.
³⁹ ATILF (CNRS & Université de Lorraine), 44 avenue de la Libération, B.P. 30687, 54063, Nancy, France.
⁴⁰ Department of Classical Studies, Philosophical Faculty, Masaryk University, Gorkého 63/14, 602 00, Brno, Czechia.
⁴¹ Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁴² Université Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, CS 24307, 35043, Rennes, France.
⁴³ University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁴⁴ LACITO - UMR 7107 - CNRS / Paris III/Inalco, Langues et civilisations à tradition orale, 7 rue Guy Môquet (bât. D), 94801, Villejuif, France.
⁴⁵ Romance Linguistics, 108 Modern Languages Building, 812 East Washington Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1275, USA.
⁴⁶ Independent scholar, Berkeley, USA.
⁴⁷ Universität Hamburg, Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Flügel Ost, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
⁴⁸ University of Ilam, Ilam Province, Ilam, Pazhohesh Blvd, Iran.
⁴⁹ Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Box 635, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁵⁰ Independent scholar, Östra Ämtervik, Sweden.
⁵¹ Consultant Language Development, FLI 2, Block 19. G-8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
⁵² Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁵³ Department of Indian Philology, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University, Mokhovaya 11, Moscow, 125009, Russia.
⁵⁴ Independent scholar, Grand Forks, USA.
⁵⁵ Faclair na Gàidhlig, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Sleat, Isle of Skye, IV44 8RQ, UK.
⁵⁶ Radboud University, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁵⁷ Department of History and Culture of the Middle East, Asia Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
⁵⁸ UMR 8041 Centre de recherche sur le monde iranien, CNRS - Campus Paris-Villejuif, 7 rue Guy Môquet, 94800, Villejuif, France.
⁵⁹ Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA, UK.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, Université du Luxembourg, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
⁶¹ Department of English Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 7516913817, Iran.
⁶² Celtic and Scottish Studies, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 57 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK.
⁶³ University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
⁶⁴ School of Humanities, University of Westminster, 309 Regent Street, London, W1B 2HW, UK.
⁶⁵ Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1102, Blindern, 0317 OSLO, Norway.
⁶⁶ Directorate of Higher Education Colleges, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.
⁶⁷ Independent scholar, Brussels, Belgium.
⁶⁸ Center for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, PO box 1102, Blindern, 0317 OSLO, Norway.
⁶⁹ Forum for Language Initiatives, P.O Box No. 763, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁷⁰ Volda University College, Postboks 500, 6101, Volda, Norway.
⁷¹ UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
⁷² Independent scholar, Lund, Sweden.
⁷³ Department of English, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
⁷⁴ Department of Linguistics, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁵ Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Karlstraße 4, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁶ Universität Basel, Department of Ancient Civilizations, Historical-Comparative Linguistics, Petersgraben 51, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.
⁷⁷ Department of Language Science and Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
⁷⁸ Germaanse taalkunde, in het bijzonder de Duitse, Scandinavische en Friese talen, Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen, Postbus 1641, 1000 BP, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁷⁹ Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Regensburger Allee 16, 39042, Brixen, Italy.
⁸⁰ Center for Adriatic Onomastics and Ethnolinguistics, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Višeslava 9, 23000, Zadar, Croatia.
⁸¹ NCCR Evolving Language, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁸² Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Oxford, Pusey Lane, Oxford, OX1 2LE, UK.
⁸³ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁴ Independent scholar, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁵ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. russell_gray@eva.mpg.de.
⁸⁶ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland, 1010, New Zealand. russell_gray@eva.mpg.de.
⁸⁷ Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.
⁸⁸ WAVES group, Dept of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.
⁸⁹ Language and the Anthropocene Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.
⁹⁰ Departamento de Humanidades, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, 15088, Lima, Peru. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.

PMID: 40897732
PMCID: PMC12405575
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-025-05445-3

Abstract

The Indo-European Cognate Relationships (IE-CoR) dataset is an open-access relational dataset showing how related, inherited words ('cognates') pattern across 160 languages of the Indo-European family. IE-CoR is intended as a benchmark dataset for computational research into the evolution of the Indo-European languages. It is structured around 170 reference meanings in core lexicon, and contains 25731 lexeme entries, analysed into 4981 cognate sets. Novel, dedicated structures are used to code all known cases of horizontal transfer. All 13 main documented clades of Indo-European, and their main subclades, are well represented. Time calibration data for each language are also included, as are relevant geographical and social metadata. Data collection was performed by an expert consortium of 89 linguists drawing on 355 cited sources. The dataset is extendable to further languages and meanings and follows the Cross-Linguistic Data Format (CLDF) protocols for linguistic data. It is designed to be interoperable with other cross-linguistic datasets and catalogues, and provides a reference framework for similar initiatives for other language families.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Language sample in IE-CoR 1.2. Colours represent main clades.

**Fig. 2**
Schematic, simplified overview of the relationships between fields in the main tables of the IE-CoR dataset.

**Fig. 3**
Illustration of cognate sets and lexemes across the Indo-European language family in the IE-CoR dataset, for the example meaning FIRE. An interactive version is available at iecor.clld.org/parameters/fire.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

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The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

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