Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Allium cepa and Allium sativum Extracts: Current Strategies, Emerging Applications, and Sustainability Utilization

Abstract

This review explores the therapeutic potential of Allium cepa (onion) and Allium sativum (garlic), focusing specifically on their antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and antibacterial effects. These widely used medicinal plants are rich in bioactive compounds that contribute to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Based on over two decades of scientific literature, this review synthesizes findings from more than 20 years of research to highlight the efficacy of these plant extracts. Rising chronic disease rates and antimicrobial resistance have renewed interest in plant-derived therapies; in the UAE context, Allium cepa and Allium sativum are promising candidates for integrative, sustainable interventions. This review further elucidates the mechanisms through which those bioactive constituents exert therapeutic effects, current extraction strategies, and challenges in enhancing formulations for functional health applications. Additionally, it addresses their role in sustainable healthcare practices due to their renewable nature and minimal environmental impact compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals.

Keywords: antibacterial effects; antidiabetic activity; cardioprotective properties; garlic; nanotechnology; onion.

Figure 1

Mechanism of A. cepa as an (a) anti-diabetic, (b) cardioprotective, (c) anti-bacterial. GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4), COX (cyclooxygenase), LOX (lipoxygenase).

Figure 2

Mechanism of A. sativum as (a) anti-diabetic, (b) cardioprotective, (c) anti-bacterial. GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4), HMG-COA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A), AMP (activated protein kinase), GMP (activated protein kinase), KATP (ATP-sensitive potassium) channel).