Impact of bleeding and thrombosis on outcome of 945 COVID-19 VV-ECMO cases from a German registry

Johannes Herrmann¹, Janno Schade¹, Patrick Meybohm¹, Noah Paschke¹, Martha E Hübsch¹, Quirin Notz¹, Julie Groene¹, Daniel Röder¹, Peter Kranke¹, Michaela L Merten², Micha Landoll^{2

3

4}, Peter Spieth⁵, Stefan Kluge⁶, Dominik Jarczak⁶, Kevin Roedl⁶, Michael Sonntagbauer⁶, Christian Putensen⁷, Jens-Christian Schewe^{7

8}, Stefan F Ehrentraut⁷, Stefan Kreyer⁷, Andreas Wehrfritz⁹, Ixchel Castellanos⁹, Karl Bihlmaier¹⁰, Karsten Schmidt¹¹, Thorsten Brenner¹¹, Frank Herbstreit¹¹, Florian Espeter¹¹, Jan Wiefhoff¹¹, Richard K Ellerkmann¹², Daniel Oswald¹³, Björn Ellger¹³, Gösta Lotz¹⁴, Florian J Raimann¹⁴, Tobias Wengenmayer^{15

16}, Dawid L Staudacher^{15

16}, Viviane Zotzmann^{16

17}, Onnen Moerer¹⁸, Christian Kühn¹⁹, Matthias Kochanek²⁰, Ralf Muellenbach²¹, Patricia Glaser²², Falk Fichtner²³, Marc Bodenstein²⁴, Michael Findeisen²⁵, Vanessa Rembold²⁵, Markus Heim²⁶, Gerhard Schneider²⁶, Tobias Lahmer²⁷, Jan-Sören Padberg²⁸, Carsten Hullermann²⁸, Philipp M Lepper²⁹, Andre P Becker²⁹, Guy Danziger²⁹, Carlos Metz²⁹, Peter Rosenberger³⁰, Valbona Mirakaj³⁰, Alice-Marie Bernard³⁰, Stephan Braune³¹, Rebecca Roth^{32

33

34}, Anna Grau³², Peter Heuschmann^{32

33

35}, Christian Karagiannidis^#², Christopher Lotz^#¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
² Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Cologne-Merheim Hospital, ARDS and ECMO Center, Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Witten/Herdecke University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
³ Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁴ Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁵ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Dresden at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶ Department of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁷ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁸ Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
⁹ Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen- Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Internal Medicine 4 - Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹² Department of Anesthesiologie and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Dortmund, Klinikum University Witten/Herdecke, Dortmund, Germany.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Clinic Centre Westfalen, Dortmund, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁶ Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care (IMIT), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁷ Ortenau Klinikum, Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Acut Geriatrics, Angiology, Intensiv Care Medicine and Thoracic Surgery (DKPAAIT), Offenburg, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplanatation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
²⁰ Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
²¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, ARDS/ECMO-Center, Campus Kassel of the University of Southampton, Kassel, Germany.
²² Departement of Anaesthesia, perioperative Medicine and Interdisciplinary Intensive Care Medicine, ECLS/ECMO-Center, Asklepios Klinik Langen, Langen, Germany.
²³ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
²⁵ Klinik für Pneumologie, Internistische Intensiv- und Beatmungsmedizin, München Klinik Harlaching, Munich, Germany.
²⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
²⁹ Department of Internal Medicine V- Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
³¹ Department of Medical Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany.
³² Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
³³ Clinical Trial Center Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Health Services Research, German Cancer Society, Berlin, Germany.
³⁵ Institute for Medical Data Science, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40909455
PMCID: PMC12405335
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1649217

Impact of bleeding and thrombosis on outcome of 945 COVID-19 VV-ECMO cases from a German registry

Johannes Herrmann et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025.

. 2025 Aug 20:12:1649217.

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1649217. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
² Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Cologne-Merheim Hospital, ARDS and ECMO Center, Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Witten/Herdecke University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
³ Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁴ Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁵ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Dresden at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶ Department of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁷ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁸ Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
⁹ Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen- Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Internal Medicine 4 - Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹² Department of Anesthesiologie and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Dortmund, Klinikum University Witten/Herdecke, Dortmund, Germany.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Clinic Centre Westfalen, Dortmund, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁶ Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care (IMIT), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁷ Ortenau Klinikum, Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Acut Geriatrics, Angiology, Intensiv Care Medicine and Thoracic Surgery (DKPAAIT), Offenburg, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplanatation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
²⁰ Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
²¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, ARDS/ECMO-Center, Campus Kassel of the University of Southampton, Kassel, Germany.
²² Departement of Anaesthesia, perioperative Medicine and Interdisciplinary Intensive Care Medicine, ECLS/ECMO-Center, Asklepios Klinik Langen, Langen, Germany.
²³ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
²⁵ Klinik für Pneumologie, Internistische Intensiv- und Beatmungsmedizin, München Klinik Harlaching, Munich, Germany.
²⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
²⁹ Department of Internal Medicine V- Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
³¹ Department of Medical Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany.
³² Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
³³ Clinical Trial Center Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Health Services Research, German Cancer Society, Berlin, Germany.
³⁵ Institute for Medical Data Science, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40909455
PMCID: PMC12405335
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1649217

Abstract

Bleeding and thromboembolic events (BTE) increase the mortality of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The current analysis aimed to assess frequency and determinants of BTE according to their location and severity in a retrospective analysis of the German ECMO COVID-19 registry. Logistic regression was applied to identify factors influencing ICU survival as well as variables associated with risks of BTE. In total, 708 of 945 patients (75%) suffered from BTE. Overall, 1,348 events were registered, including 406 (30%) major bleeding and 258 (19%) major thromboembolic events. Most common major bleeding locations were intracranial (n = 133, 10%) and pulmonary bleeding (n = 116, 9%). In-ICU survival was 35, 46% without BTE and 22% with major bleeding (p < 0.05). In summary, major bleeding was a core outcome-determinant of COVID-19 ECMO mortality with intracranial major bleeding as the most devastating complication (OR: 5.3; CI: 2.9-9.9; p < 0.001). Neither major thromboembolism nor minor BTE impacted ICU-mortality. Potentially modifiable factors associated with major bleeding included prolonged duration of ECMO >14 days (OR: 2.9; CI 1.8-4.7; p < 0.001) and platelet counts <100.000/μL ≥ 72 h (OR: 2.0; CI 1.1-3.6; p = 0.018). Hence, prevention, early recognition and treatment of major bleedings are key to increase the survival of COVID-19 ECMO. In this regard, our data indicate that the implementation of early weaning strategies to minimize duration of ECMO therapy and prevention of prolonged thrombocytopenia with platelet counts <100.000/μl ≥ 72 h could decrease the risk of devastating bleeds and could ameliorate survival.

Clinical trial registration: Registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (study ID: DRKS00022964), retrospectively registered, September 7th 2020, https://drks.de/DRKS00022964.

Keywords: COVID-19; acute respiraratory distress syndrome; bleeding; extracorporeal membrance oxygenation; thromboembolism.

Copyright © 2025 Herrmann, Schade, Meybohm, Paschke, Hübsch, Notz, Groene, Röder, Kranke, Merten, Landoll, Spieth, Kluge, Jarczak, Roedl, Sonntagbauer, Putensen, Schewe, Ehrentraut, Kreyer, Wehrfritz, Castellanos, Bihlmaier, Schmidt, Brenner, Herbstreit, Espeter, Wiefhoff, Ellerkmann, Oswald, Ellger, Lotz, Raimann, Wengenmayer, Staudacher, Zotzmann, Moerer, Kühn, Kochanek, Muellenbach, Glaser, Fichtner, Bodenstein, Findeisen, Rembold, Heim, Schneider, Lahmer, Padberg, Hullermann, Lepper, Becker, Danziger, Metz, Rosenberger, Mirakaj, Bernard, Braune, Roth, Grau, Heuschmann, Karagiannidis and Lotz.

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Conflict of interest statement

PM reports honoraria for scientific lectures (Biotest AG, CSL Behring, Haemonetics, Pharmacosmos GmbH, Vifor Pharma). PK reports grants or contracts (Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, APEPTICO GmbH, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Eagle Pharmaceutical); consulting fees (TEVA Ratiopharm, Amicus Ltd., Senzyme); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (TEVA Ratiopharm, CSL Vifor, Sintetica, CSL Behring, Senzyme, Fresenius Kabi, Pajunk); payment for expert testimony (Kanzlei Ulsenheimer & Friedrich Law Firm (München/Berlin), Landgericht Leipzig); support for attending meetings and/or travel [ASER (Prof. Dr. TJ Gan) for Consensus Meeting PONV 2024 Houston (Texas)]; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board [Pharmacosmos, TEVA Ratiopharm, University Hospital Aachen (Tele-Emergency Medicine, Prof. Rolf Rossaint)]; leadership or fiduciary role in other board society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid (Chairperson/Past chairperson of guideline committee ESAIC, Speaker of the Scientific Committee on Obstetric Anaesthesia within the German Society (DGAI), Member of Obstetric Committee within WFSA). DS reports consulting fees (Medtronic); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Getinge, AstraZeneca); support for attending meetings and/or travel (Abiomed, Getinge, Dahlhausen, Orinpharma, AstraZeneca, Medtronic). TB reports grants or contracts [Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Dietmar Hopp Stiftung, Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen, Heidelberger Stiftung Chirurgie, Innovationsfonds des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses (G-BA)]; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (CSL Behring GmbH, Schöchl medical education GmbH, Biotest AG, Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Astellas Pharma GmbH, B. Braun Melsungen AG; MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Akademie für Infektionsmedizin e. v.; Lücke Kongresse GmbH, Pfizer Deutschland GmbH, MVZ Labor Dr. Limbach & Kollegen GbR); Patents planned issued or pending (BRAHMS GmbH); participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board (Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Bayer AG); leadership or fiduciary role in other board society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid (DGAI, DIVI, SepNet, DSG). MK reports stock or stock options (Biontech). FH reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (senior editor, Anesthesia and Analgesia); payment for expert testimony (in several court cases related to intensive care therapy); support for attending meetings and/or travel (various meetings, societies); leadership or fiduciary role in other board society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid [senior editor, Anesthesia & Analgesia; Auditor, German Society for Anesthesia and Intensive Care (DGAI)]. VM reports grants or contracts (DFG RO 1506/4-2). Peter Rosenberger reports grants or contracts (DFG RO 3671/14-1). CK reports grants or contracts (PI of X-COPD trial sponsored by Fresenius), consulting fees (Bayer, Xenios); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Bayer, Xenios, Getinge). Stefan Kluge reports grants or contracts (Cytosorbents, Daiichi Sankyo); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (ADVITOS, Biotest, Daiichi Sankyo, Fresenius Medical Care, Gilead, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi and Zoll); participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board (ADVITOS, Fresenius, Gilead, MSD and Pfizer). KS reports grants or contracts [Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen (Microcirculation/Sepsis/Covid-19), Stiftung Chirurgie Heidelberg (Microcirculation/Shock), Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung (Hyperspectral imaging/shock/machine learning)]; payment for expert testimony (expert witness in court). J-SP reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Abiomed Europe); support for attending meetings and/or travel (Abiomed Europe, Resuscitec). VZ reports grants or contracts (ELSO Grant for the study “Longterm outcome after COVID-ECMO-Therapy”). FF reports grants or contracts (CEOsys project funded by the Network of University Medicine [Nationales Forschungsnetzwerk der Universitätsmedizin (NUM)] by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), grant number 01KX2021). PH reports grants or contracts (German Ministry of Research and Education, European Union, German Parkinson Society, University Hospital Würzburg, German Heart Foundation, Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) within the Innovation fond, German Research Foundation, Bavarian State, German Cancer Aid, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (within Mondafis; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the Charité from Bayer), University Göttingen (within FIND-AF randomized; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Göttingen from Boehringer-Ingelheim), University Hospital Heidelberg (within RASUNOA-prime; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Hospital Heidelberg from Bayer, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo); participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board [Participation on DSMB in publicly funded studies (by German Research Foundation, German Ministry of Research, Foundations)]. RM reports support for attending meetings and/or travel (Getinge). FR reports support for the present manuscript (publication fees from publication fund of the Goethe University); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA, USA, University hospital Wuerzburg, Germany, HELIOS clinics, Krefeld, Germany); support for attending meetings and/or travel (MCN congress organization, Nuernberg, Germany); patents planned issued or pending (Patent funding support from LifeSystems, Moenchengladbach, Germany). OM reports grants or contracts [research grant from Advitos for conducting experimental studies related to extracorporeal multi-organ support, member of the national CEOsys network Germany (Covid Ecosystem), and the Napkon-Tip (Therapeutic intervention platform for conducting ongoing assessments of new therapies), funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)]; royalties or licenses (honoraria from Springer, Book on neuro-monitoring in the ICU: Neuromonitoring in der Intensivmedizin 2023, ISBN: 978-3-662-65997-7); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Getinge Medical, CSL Behring, OM’s Department holds courses and workshops supported by companies related to Intensive Care Medicine); leadership or fiduciary role in other board society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid [German Society of Anesthesiology (DGAI)]. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Patient recruitment. Patient recruitment is depicted in this flowchart. Number and reason for exclusion are given. Nine hundred and forty-five patients were finally included and each patient was categorized into one of the five following main groups: No Bleeding and Thromboembolism, Major Bleeding and Major Thromboembolism, Only Major Bleeding or Only Major Thromboembolism.

**Figure 2**
Survival. Total in-ICU survival rates are presented for the overall cohort as well as for the main groups no bleeding or thromboembolism (no BTE), major bleeding plus major thromboembolism, only major bleeding, only major thromboembolism and minor events, respectively. χ2 test with *post hoc* pairwise z-test was applied to analyze survival in the subgroups. p-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant (*).

**Figure 3**
Subgroup specific risk for in-ICU mortality. Subgroup specific risk for in-ICU mortality in **(a)** main groups and in **(b)** specific subgroups are depicted. **(a)** Each patient from the cohort was categorized into one of the five following main groups: Major bleeding plus major Thromboembolism, only major bleeding, only major thromboembolism, minor events, no BTE (serving as reference cohort). **(b)** In a second step, we investigated specific risk for in-ICU mortality in distinct entities. Each patient from the cohort was categorized into one of the subgroups: Major bleeding plus major thromboembolism, only major intracranial bleeding, only major pulmonary bleeding, only major intraperitoneal bleeding, only major bleeding ECMO cannula, only major bleeding other than above, only major pulmonary embolism, only major thromboembolism other than above, minor Events, no BTE (serving as reference cohort). Analyses were performed by unadjusted logistic regression. OR, CI, p-values and number of patients in subgroups are given. p-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

**Figure 4**
Risk factors for BTE during ECMO support in main groups. Subdivisions show risk factors during ECMO support for the main groups **(a)** Major bleeding plus thromboembolism, **(b)** Major bleeding, **(c)** Major thromboembolism, **(d)** Minor events. Variables were selected *a priori* based on clinical background knowledge: age (41–70 or >70 years vs. 18–40 years), sex (female vs. male), duration of ECMO therapy (>14 days vs. ≤14 days), blood flow (>4.5 L/min ≥ 72 h vs. ≤4.5 L/min for ≥72 h or >4.5 L/min for ≤72 h), platelet count (<100.000/μL for ≥72 h vs. ≥100.000 μL for ≥72 h or <100.000/μL for <72 h), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (>60 mg/dL for ≥72 h vs. ≤60 mg/dL for ≥72 h or >60 mg/dL for <72 h), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (>500 pg./dL for ≥72 h vs. ≤500 pg./dL for ≥72 h or >500 pg./dL for <72 h). Analysis was performed by adjusted logistic regression. OR and CI are depicted.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Impact of bleeding and thrombosis on outcome of 945 COVID-19 VV-ECMO cases from a German registry

Affiliations

Impact of bleeding and thrombosis on outcome of 945 COVID-19 VV-ECMO cases from a German registry

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

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