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. 2025 Sep 6.
doi: 10.1007/s12975-025-01379-5. Online ahead of print.

The Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Patients Treated with Endovascular Therapy: A RESIST Trial Post Hoc Study

Rolf Ankerlund Blauenfeldt  1   2 , David Charles Hess  3 , David Gaist  4 , Boris Modrau  5 , Jan Brink Valentin  6 , Søren Paaske Johnsen  6 , Niels Hjort  7   8 , Anne Brink Behrndtz  9 , Martin Faurholdt Gude  8   10 , Wenbo Zhao  11 , Jonas Jensen  12 , Grethe Andersen  7   8 , Claus Ziegler Simonsen  7   8
Affiliations

The Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Patients Treated with Endovascular Therapy: A RESIST Trial Post Hoc Study

Rolf Ankerlund Blauenfeldt et al. Transl Stroke Res. .

Abstract

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a simple, non-invasive procedure that has been shown to be safe and feasible in multiple smaller clinical trials. Recent large randomized controlled trials have yielded mixed results regarding clinical effect. Patients with severe stroke may experience greater benefit from cerebroprotective interventions, highlighting the need for adjunctive therapies to enhance endovascular therapy (EVT) outcomes. This post hoc analysis of the RESIST trial evaluates the effect of RIC in the subgroup of patients who underwent EVT. Eligible patients were adults (≥ 18 years old), independent in activities of daily living, who had prehospital stroke symptoms with a duration of less than 4 h. They were randomized to RIC or sham. The primary analysis was performed using the entire range ("shift analysis") of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. A total of 737 patients had acute ischemic stroke, and 134 received EVT. The median (IQR) age was 74 (62, 82) years, median NIHSS was 16 (8, 20), and 52 (39%) were female. Median (IQR) overall adherence to RIC/sham was 81% (56, 96). Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) was initiated in 76 out of the 134 (57%) EVT-treated patients. There was no significant effect of RIC on mRS in EVT-treated patients, OR (95% CI) 1.26 (0.68-2.32). When IVT was given in addition to EVT, RIC was associated with improved functional outcome at 90 days, adjusted OR 2.46 (1.05, 5.78), p = 0.038 but not without adjunctive IVT, aOR 0.57 (0.21-1.53). The effect of RIC was present only in patients achieving complete reperfusion (mTICI 3) following EVT and IVT (54 out of 134 patients). RIC treatment in addition to IVT and EVT was associated with significantly improved functional outcome at 90 days, observed only in patients who achieved complete reperfusion. These results should only serve as hypothesis-generating for future trials. ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT03481777.

Keywords: Acute ischemic stroke; Cerebroprotection; Endovascular therapy; Intravenous thrombolysis; Neuroprotection; Remote ischemic conditioning; Stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical Approval: The trial was approved by Danish regional research ethics committees (ID:1–10–72–97–17), The Data Protection Agency (ID: 1–16–02–16–18) and The Danish Medicines Agency (ID:2017114177, EUDAMED: CIV-17–11–022324) as an acute study. Consent was waived for the acute prehospital phase but was obtained from all patients, their relatives, or trial guardians as soon as possible after hospital arrival. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Guarantor: RB and GA.

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