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Multicenter Study
. 2025 Sep 9:27:e72812.
doi: 10.2196/72812.

Evaluating the Implementation of Online Postal Self-Sampling for Sexually Transmitted Infections in England: Multisite Qualitative Study

Tommer Spence  1   2 , Jo Gibbs  1 , Geoff Wong  3 , Alison Howarth  1 , Andrew Copas  1 , David Crundwell  4 , Louise Jackson  2 , Catherine H Mercer  1 , Hamish Mohammed  5 , Vanessa Apea  6 , Sara Day  7 , Jonathan Ross  2 , Ann Sullivan  7 , Andrew Winter  8 , Claire Dewsnap  9 , Fiona M Burns  1 , Jessica Sheringham  1
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Evaluating the Implementation of Online Postal Self-Sampling for Sexually Transmitted Infections in England: Multisite Qualitative Study

Tommer Spence et al. J Med Internet Res. .

Abstract

Background: Online postal self-sampling (OPSS) allows service users to screen for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by ordering a self-sampling kit online, taking their own samples, returning them to a laboratory for testing, and receiving their results remotely. OPSS availability and use has increased in both the United Kingdom and globally the past decade but has been adopted in different regions of England at different times, with different models of delivery. It is not known why certain models were decided on or how implementation strategies have influenced outcomes, including the sustainability of OPSS in sexual health service delivery.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the implementation of OPSS in 3 case study areas of England, with a focus on the sustainability of implementation and the relationship between implementation strategies and outcomes.

Methods: Qualitative data collection methods were used: interviews with staff and stakeholders involved in the implementation and delivery of OPSS, analysis of local implementation and national policy documents, and observations in sexual health clinics. Analysis of interviews and observations was undertaken using qualitative implementation science frameworks, including normalization process theory, the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, and the major system change framework. Documentary sources were used primarily to map processes over time and triangulate against interview and observational evidence.

Results: Across the 3 case study areas, 60 staff and stakeholders were interviewed, 12 observations were conducted, and data from 86 documents were collated. Rather than being a discrete digital health intervention, we found that OPSS was part of-or occurred parallel to-major system changes in all areas. These changes were driven by budgetary pressures in all areas, but there was variation in other objectives used to rationalize the decision to adopt. The financial context and organizational relationships in each area determined the implementation strategies available to decision makers, how these strategies were enacted, and, in turn, led to different outcomes at different time points. OPSS implementation was not a one-off outcome but an ongoing process in response to changes in context, which in turn affected how staff perceived and engaged with OPSS. The COVID-19 pandemic had profound but divergent effects on OPSS implementation in each area, accelerating it in some contexts and reversing it in others.

Conclusions: In this multisite case study, OPSS implementation was part of systems change to address a wider problem of insufficient funding to deliver sexual health care. Decisions about implementing OPSS were made before sufficient evidence was available to effectively guide the process. The resultant unintended consequences need acknowledgment to enable future commissioners and sexual health services to optimize sexual health service provision.

International registered report identifier (irrid): RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067170.

Keywords: digital health; implementation; sexual health services; sexually transmitted infections; sustainability.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: JG is an honorary consultant at an organization in case study area CSA 2 and is on the editorial board for the Sexually Transmitted Infections journal. SD is employed at an organization in CSA 2. VA is employed at an organization in CSA 2, has received speakers’ fees, and is a medical director of Preventx. JR is a consultant at an organization in CSA 1, a member of the European Sexually Transmitted Infections Guidelines Editorial Board, a National Institute for Health and Care Research journals editor, treasurer for the International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections, and chair of charity trustees for the Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Foundation. AS is employed at an organization in CSA 2. AW is a member of the European Sexually Transmitted Guidelines Editorial Board. CD is employed at an organization in CSA 3. FMB has received speakers’ fees and an institutional grant from Gilead Sciences Ltd. All other authors declare no other conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Timeline of adoption and implementation of online postal self-sampling (OPSS) services from analysis of documentary sources, interviews, and observations across 3 case study areas (CSAs) in England (2012 to 2023).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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