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Review
. 2025 Aug 1;35(8):bhaf234.
doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaf234.

SPM-30 years and beyond

Peter Zeidman  1 , John Ashburner  1 , Gareth Barnes  1 , Olivia Kowalczyk  1 , Christian Lambert  1 , Vladimir Litvak  1 , Thomas E Nichols  2 , Thomas Parr  3 , Tim M Tierney  1 , Karl Friston  1
Affiliations
Review

SPM-30 years and beyond

Peter Zeidman et al. Cereb Cortex. .

Abstract

This paper marks the 30th anniversary of the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software and the journal Cerebral Cortex: two modest milestones that mark the inception of cognitive neuroscience. We take this opportunity to reflect on SPM, a generation after its introduction. Each of the authors of this paper-who represent a small selection of the many contributors to SPM-were asked to consider lessons learned, what has gone well, and where there is room for improvement in future development. We hope that this review of SPM-and its aspirations-will provide some context for current imaging neuroscience and foreground some potential directions for the future of the field.

Keywords: EEG; MEG; MRI; SPM; statistical parametric mapping.

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