Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC
Affiliations
- 1 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
- 2 Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic.
- 3 AGH University of Krakow, FPACS, Cracow 30-059, Poland.
- 4 Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
- 5 Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India.
- 6 Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242.
- 7 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973.
- 8 Fudan University, Shanghai 200433.
- 9 Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699.
- 10 Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile.
- 11 Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237.
- 12 University of California, Riverside, California 92521.
- 13 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
- 14 University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204.
- 15 University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India.
- 16 State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
- 17 Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Rez 250 68, Czech Republic.
- 18 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
- 19 Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800.
- 20 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
- 21 University of California, Davis, California 95616.
- 22 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720.
- 23 University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
- 24 Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408.
- 25 National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur - 713209, India.
- 26 Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004.
- 27 Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084.
- 28 University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.
- 29 ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapes, Hungary H-1117.
- 30 University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607.
- 31 University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- 32 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur 760010, India.
- 33 Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251.
- 34 University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
- 35 University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055.
- 36 University of Calabria & INFN-Cosenza, Rende 87036, Italy.
- 37 Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
- 38 Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515.
- 39 Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000.
- 40 Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.
- 41 Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122.
- 42 Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383.
- 43 Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000.
- 44 American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
- 45 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408.
- 46 Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201.
- 47 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101.
- 48 Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079.
- 49 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026.
- 50 Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
- 51 Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland.
- 52 Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
- 53 Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015.
- 54 Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065.
- 55 South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631.
- 56 Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004.
- 57 University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.
- 58 National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India.
- 59 Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
- 60 Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
- 61 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich 80805, Germany.
- 62 Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178.
- 63 Indian Institute Technology, Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
- 64 Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306.
- 65 Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.
- 66 Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439.
- 67 United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402.
- 68 Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331.
- 69 Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000.
- PMID: 40929191
- DOI: 10.1103/2qhx-cp79
Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC
Authors
Affiliations
- 1 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
- 2 Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic.
- 3 AGH University of Krakow, FPACS, Cracow 30-059, Poland.
- 4 Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
- 5 Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India.
- 6 Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242.
- 7 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973.
- 8 Fudan University, Shanghai 200433.
- 9 Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699.
- 10 Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile.
- 11 Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237.
- 12 University of California, Riverside, California 92521.
- 13 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
- 14 University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204.
- 15 University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India.
- 16 State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
- 17 Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Rez 250 68, Czech Republic.
- 18 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
- 19 Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800.
- 20 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
- 21 University of California, Davis, California 95616.
- 22 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720.
- 23 University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
- 24 Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408.
- 25 National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur - 713209, India.
- 26 Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004.
- 27 Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084.
- 28 University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.
- 29 ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapes, Hungary H-1117.
- 30 University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607.
- 31 University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- 32 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur 760010, India.
- 33 Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251.
- 34 University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
- 35 University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055.
- 36 University of Calabria & INFN-Cosenza, Rende 87036, Italy.
- 37 Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
- 38 Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515.
- 39 Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000.
- 40 Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.
- 41 Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122.
- 42 Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383.
- 43 Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000.
- 44 American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
- 45 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408.
- 46 Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201.
- 47 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101.
- 48 Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079.
- 49 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026.
- 50 Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
- 51 Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland.
- 52 Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
- 53 Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015.
- 54 Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065.
- 55 South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631.
- 56 Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004.
- 57 University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.
- 58 National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India.
- 59 Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
- 60 Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
- 61 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich 80805, Germany.
- 62 Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178.
- 63 Indian Institute Technology, Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
- 64 Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306.
- 65 Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.
- 66 Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439.
- 67 United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402.
- 68 Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331.
- 69 Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000.
- PMID: 40929191
- DOI: 10.1103/2qhx-cp79
Abstract
Partonic collectivity is one of the necessary signatures for the formation of quark-gluon plasma in high-energy nuclear collisions. Number of constituent quarks (NCQ) scaling has been observed for hadron elliptic flow v_{2} in top energy nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the LHC, and this has been theoretically suggested as strong evidence for partonic collectivity. In this Letter, a systematic analysis of v_{2} of π^{±}, K^{±}, K_{S}^{0}, p, and Λ in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=3.2, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV, with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, is presented. NCQ scaling is markedly violated at 3.2 GeV, consistent with a hadronic-interaction dominated equation of state. However, as the collision energy increases, a gradual evolution to NCQ scaling is observed. This beam-energy dependence of v_{2} for all hadrons studied provides evidence for the onset of dominant partonic interactions by sqrt[s_{NN}]=4.5 GeV.
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