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. 2025 Oct 16;31(58):e02312.
doi: 10.1002/chem.202502312. Epub 2025 Sep 13.

Photoswitchable Pseudorotaxanes with Dual Chromism and Tunable Fluorescence for Multilevel Information Encryption

Chen-Yan Xu  1 , Xiao-Feng Wang  1 , Rui-Lian Lin  1 , Wen-Qi Sun  1 , Ming-Fu Ye  1 , Jing-Xin Liu  1
Affiliations

Photoswitchable Pseudorotaxanes with Dual Chromism and Tunable Fluorescence for Multilevel Information Encryption

Chen-Yan Xu et al. Chemistry. .

Abstract

The design and construction of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) displaying distinct physical/chemical properties under different states is highly desirable due to their multifunctional applications. Herein, we report a photoswitchable pseudorotaxane system constructed through host - guest interactions between a vinyl-bipyridinium axle and cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]) macrocycle. Upon light irradiation, the [3]pseudorotaxane E-G2+@Q[7]2 in aqueous solution undergoes E→Z photoisomerization, converting to the [2]pseudorotaxane Z-G2+@Q[7], where Q[7] selectively encircles the central Z-vinyl-bipyridinium unit. Notably, E-G2+@Q[7]2 displays dual photochromic and vapochromic (NH3) activity, whereas Z-G2+@Q[7] is optically and vapor-responsively inert. Additionally, both E-G2+@Q[7]2 and Z-G2+@Q[7] exhibit distinct solid-state fluorescence emissions due to macrocyclic confinement effects. By leveraging these stimuli-responsive properties, we developed a multilevel information encryption system with three decryption states controlled by wavelength-specific irradiation (365 nm, 430 nm, or xenon lamp), enabling programmable message display via fluorescence and color changes. This work provides a paradigm for designing smart materials with integrated photoswitching, chromic, and fluorescent functionalities for advanced security applications.

Keywords: cucurbit[7]uril; information encryption; multi‐stimuli chromism; pseudorotaxanes; solid‐state fluorescence.

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