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. 2025 Jul 30:13:491.
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.148878.2. eCollection 2024.

Greenspace exposure and associated health outcomes: a systematic review of reviews

Brittnee Bryer  1 , Chinonso Christian Odebeatu  1 , Wen Ray Lee  2 , Kathryn Vitangcol  3 , Victor Gallegos-Rejas  1   4   5 , Nicholas J Osborne  1   6   7 , Gail Williams  1 , Darsy Darssan  1
Affiliations

Greenspace exposure and associated health outcomes: a systematic review of reviews

Brittnee Bryer et al. F1000Res. .

Abstract

Background: Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have sought to clarify the relationship between greenspace exposure and health outcomes, but the results are inconsistent. We aimed to synthesise all relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this association.

Methods: We searched five databases (PubMed, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Scopus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and conducted a manual reference search for systematic reviews and meta-analyses written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals that clearly defined measures of greenspace exposure and reported health outcomes directly attributable to greenspace exposure. A total of 36 systematic reviews published between January 2010 and December 2020 were identified for inclusion in this systematic review of reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42021227422). The methodological quality and risk of bias of included systematic reviews were evaluated by two independent reviewers.

Results: Beneficial effects of greenspace exposure were observed for all-cause and cause-specific mortality, as well as mental health and cognitive function. Ambivalent results were found for cardiovascular and metabolic health, general health and quality of life (QOL), and respiratory health and allergies. Most of the systematic reviews included in the current umbrella review had a low to moderate methodological quality and a high risk of bias.

Conclusions: This umbrella review highlights the link between greenspaces and a variety of health outcomes, emphasising the importance of preserving existing greenspaces and integrating additional vegetation into urban areas to maintain public health.

Keywords: Human health; biodiversity; greenery; natural environment; outdoor environment; umbrella review; urbanisation.

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Conflict of interest statement

No competing interests were disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Risk of bias assessment of included reviews using ROBIS.
Rows 1-4 show judgements on individual criteria while the bottom row shows the overall risk of bias.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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