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. 2023 Jun 12:36:8.
doi: 10.5334/irsp.651. eCollection 2023.

Development of a French Paper-and-Pencil Implicit Association Test to Measure Athletes' Implicit Doping Attitude (IAT-Dop)

Valentine Filleul  1 , Fabienne d'Arripe-Longueville  1 , Eric Meinadier  2 , Jacky Maillot  2 , Derwin K-C Chan  3 , Stéphanie Scoffier-Mériaux  1 , Karine Corrion  1
Affiliations

Development of a French Paper-and-Pencil Implicit Association Test to Measure Athletes' Implicit Doping Attitude (IAT-Dop)

Valentine Filleul et al. Int Rev Soc Psychol. .

Abstract

Although explicit measures of doping attitude are widely used, they are susceptible to bias due to social desirability. The current computerized measures of implicit attitudes are time-consuming and based on expensive software solutions. Recently, paper-and-pencil (p&p) Implicit Association Tests (IAT) have been developed, making it possible to test several participants simultaneously, anywhere, and with no need of computerized equipment and software. The present series of studies aimed at developing a French version of a p&p IAT to measure athletes' attitudes toward doping (Chan et al., 2017): the IAT-Dop. Four studies, including 212 participants (Mage = 25.49, SD = 5.73), followed Bardin et al. (2016) and Boateng et al. (2018) validation recommendations: (a) development of a preliminary version of the IAT-Dop based on the proposal of Chan's tool (2017), (b) dimensionality and criterion validity tests demonstrating the structure of the p&p version, (c) test-retest reliability, and (d) first approach to construct validity. The results showed that the IAT-Dop was able to measure implicit attitudes toward doping and was stable across time. Significant correlations between the computerized and p&p versions confirmed the construct validity. The p&p IAT-Dop showed several advantages over the computerized version (Lemm et al., 2008), including lower cost and ease of administration. By offering accurate measures and an easier, faster, and cheaper way to measure doping attitudes, this tool should contribute to the better assessment and understanding of the mechanisms related to doping, and it might be a useful new indicator in the evaluation of prevention programs.

Keywords: doping in sport; implicit attitudes; indirect test; paper & pencil SC-IAT-P.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Figures

Boxplots of relevance scores for the stimuli words
Figure 1
Boxplots describing relevance scores on a 4-point Likert scale for the stimuli words: Corticoïds, EPO and Steroïds, (n = 53). Notes. For the 4-point Likert-scale: 4 = ‘Totally,’ 3 = ‘A little,’ 2 = ‘Not really,’ 1 = ‘Not at all.’
P&p IAT-Dop in French language
Figure 2
Block A (left) and Block B (right) of paper-and-pencil IAT-Dop for implicit doping attitude in the French language.
Boxplots of p&p IAT-Dop d-score distribution among groups
Figure 3
Boxplots describing the p&p IAT-Dop d-score distribution among groups (total sample, ‘non-dopers’ group, ‘dopers’ group).
Boxplots of p&p IAT-Dop d-score distribution among males
Figure 4
Boxplots describing the p&p IAT-Dop d-score distribution among groups for the male population (total sample, ‘non-dopers’ group and ‘dopers’ group).
Relationships between the two measurements times for the p&p IAT-Dop
Figure 5
Scatter plot showing the relationship between the two measurements (Time 1 and Time 2) of d-score for the p&p IAT-Dop for individuals.
Comparison of computerized and paper-and-pen IAT-Dop versions
Figure 6
Scatter plot indicating d-scores for the two versions of the IAT-Dop: The computerized and the paper-and-pencil.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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