Competing interests: GAF reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), grants from Abbott Diagnostic, Sanofi, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and NSW Health; honorarium from CSL, CPC Clinical Research, Sanofi, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Heart Foundation, and Abbott; serves as board director for the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance (past president), executive committee member for CPC Clinical Research, Founding Director and CMO for Prokardia and Kardiomics and executive committee member for the CAD Frontiers A2D2 Consortium; serves as CMO for the non-profit, CAD Frontiers, with industry partners including, Astrazeneca, Novartis, Amgen, Siemens Healthineers, ELUCID, Foresite Labs, HeartFlow, Canon, Cleerly, Caristo, Genetech, Artyra, Bitterroot Bio, Novo Nordisk and Allelica; GAF has the following patents: Patent biomarkers and oxidative stress, awarded USA May 2017 (US9638699B2) issued to Northern Sydney Local Health District, Use of P2X7R antagonists in cardiovascular disease, PCT/AU2018/050905, licensed to Prokardia, Methods for treatment and prevention of vascular disease, PCT/AU2015/000548, issued to the University of Sydney/Northern Sydney Local Health District, Methods for predicting coronary artery disease, AU202290266, issued to the University of Sydney, Novel P2X7 Receptor Antagonists, PCT/AU2022/051400 (23.11.2022) and International App No WO/2023/092175 (01.06.2023), issued to the University of Sydney. SMG serves as company lead and founder of iCoreLabs.