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Review
. 2025 Sep 18;33(2):31.
doi: 10.1007/s40199-025-00575-w.

Nanoformulations in epilepsy therapy - a systematic review of emerging strategies in status epilepticus

Nuraziemah Ahmad  1 , Mohmad Farooq Shaikh  1   2 , Mohammed Tahir Ansari  3 , Alina Arulsamy  4
Affiliations
Review

Nanoformulations in epilepsy therapy - a systematic review of emerging strategies in status epilepticus

Nuraziemah Ahmad et al. Daru. .

Abstract

Status epilepticus (SE) presents a life-threatening medical emergency condition characterized by prolonged seizures, leading to severe neuronal damage, morbidity and mortality, if not promptly treated. Immediate intervention is crucial, yet current anti-seizure medications (ASM) face limitations such as adverse effects otherwise in need of invasive administration routes such as intravenous ASMs. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer a promising approach to overcoming these challenges by enhancing drug solubility, stability, and brain bioavailability. This systematic review examines recent advancements in nanoformulations of ASMs for SE management. Through a comprehensive search and analysis of the literature, 12 relevant studies were identified, highlighting various nanoparticle types, formulation methods, and pharmacokinetic parameters. ASM nanoparticles exhibit favourable characteristics for drug delivery, including small size, high surface area, and tuneable physicochemical properties. These properties enable efficient drug transport across biological barriers, precise targeting, and controlled release, ultimately improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects. With an optimized release profile and non-invasive route such as intranasal administration, nano-formulated ASMs offer promising immediate therapeutic strategy for SE therapy. However, further research is warranted to optimize nano-formulation parameters, assess long-term safety, and validate clinical efficacy. Overall, nanoparticle-based ASM delivery holds great potential for revolutionizing SE treatment, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and quality of life.

Keywords: Anti-Seizure medications; Epilepsy; Nanoformulations; Status epilepticus.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript and consent to its publication. Competing interests: The author declare that this paper content has no conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA flowchart on the selection process of literature articles
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Comparison between different types of nanoparticles specifically used for the modification of ASMs
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Differences between different types of administration route of conventional dosage form and nanoparticle-based delivery system of ASMs
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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