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. 2025 Sep 18.
doi: 10.1007/s12602-025-10773-2. Online ahead of print.

Therapeutic Potential and Sustainable Bioprocessing of Enterocin CC2: A Probiotic-Derived Antimicrobial Targeting Streptococcus mutans in Oral Health

Zhang Jin Ng  1 , Chee-Yuen Gan  2 , Mazni Abu Zarin  3 , Chee Keong Lee  1 , John Chi-Wei Lan  4 , Hui Suan Ng  5   6 , Joo Shun Tan  7
Affiliations

Therapeutic Potential and Sustainable Bioprocessing of Enterocin CC2: A Probiotic-Derived Antimicrobial Targeting Streptococcus mutans in Oral Health

Zhang Jin Ng et al. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. .

Abstract

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in oral pathogens necessitates safe and sustainable alternatives to conventional therapies. Enterocin CC2, a novel bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium CC2, was purified using an optimized polyethylene glycol (PEG)-citrate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The process achieved a purification factor of 4.73 and recovery yield of 73.33%, which improved to 5.13 and 84.61% with the addition of 4% NaCl. SDS-PAGE revealed a molecular size of ~ 5.5-6 kDa, and identity confirmation was obtained via HPLC and LC-MS. Enterocin CC2 displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans with MIC and MBC values of 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL, respectively, and demonstrated faster bactericidal action than 0.2% chlorhexidine. ISO 10993-5 cytotoxicity testing confirmed its safety on 3T3-L1 cells at concentrations ≤ 1 mg/mL. These findings highlight enterocin CC2 as a promising candidate for oral health applications and establish PEG-citrate ATPS as a scalable, eco-friendly platform for bacteriocin purification.

Keywords: Streptococcus mutans; Bacteriocin purification; Enterocin CC2; Oral health therapeutics; PEG-based aqueous two-phase system; Probiotic-derived antimicrobial.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

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