A Systematic Review of Algorithms for Identifying Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Abstract

Purpose: Investigating pediatric neurodevelopmental outcomes (NDO) in studies using secondary data is often challenging due to heterogeneous clinical definitions and medical coding systems. This study aims to identify the algorithms used to define NDO in studies using electronic healthcare data through a systematic literature review.

Methods: A search strategy was developed to identify studies on NDO that describe phenotype algorithms from January 1, 2010, to March 10, 2025. The search strategy included terms to identify studies containing algorithms for NDO as an outcome, routinely collected healthcare data, epidemiologic designs likely to incorporate algorithms, and pregnant individuals and/or infants/children. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility criteria and performed data extraction, with inconsistencies reviewed by a third reviewer. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical and continuous variables appropriately.

Results: The review included 156 publications that implemented algorithms for NDO, with 18 of these studies validating the outcomes. Most publications studied autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 103, 65.6%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 72, 45.9%) either as a single outcome or as a composite.

Conclusions: Instead of presenting NDO as a composite outcome, it is recommended to present multiple single outcomes. Validated outcomes in data from Nordic countries demonstrate a high positive predictive value when using one code for diagnoses, while more complex algorithms are required for US data. Clearly detailing and establishing the time of assessment for each NDO is critical to inform valid epidemiological estimates.

Keywords: attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; neurodevelopmental; pharmacoepidemiology; pregnancy; real‐world evidence; validation.

FIGURE 1

PRISMA flow diagram.