Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria

Xavier Montalban¹, Christine Lebrun-Frénay², Jiwon Oh³, Georgina Arrambide⁴, Marcello Moccia⁵, Maria Pia Amato⁶, Lilyana Amezcua⁷, Brenda Banwell⁸, Amit Bar-Or⁹, Frederik Barkhof¹⁰, Helmut Butzkueven¹¹, Olga Ciccarelli¹², Jeremy Chataway¹², Jeffrey A Cohen¹³, Giancarlo Comi¹⁴, Jorge Correale¹⁵, Florian Deisenhammer¹⁶, Massimo Filippi¹⁷, Julie Fiol¹⁸, Mark S Freedman¹⁹, Kazuo Fujihara²⁰, Cristina Granziera²¹, Ari J Green²², Hans-Peter Hartung²³, Kerstin Hellwig²⁴, Ludwig Kappos²¹, Dorlan Kimbrough²⁵, Joep Killestein²⁶, Fred Lublin²⁷, Romain Marignier²⁸, Ruth Ann Marrie²⁹, Aaron Miller²⁷, Susana Otero-Romero⁴, Daniel Ontaneda¹³, Sudarshini Ramanathan³⁰, Daniel Reich³¹, Maria A Rocca¹⁴, Àlex Rovira³², Shiv Saidha³³, Amber Salter³⁴, Jaume Sastre-Garriga⁴, Deanna Saylor³⁵, Andrew J Solomon³⁶, Maria Pia Sormani³⁷, Bruno Stankoff³⁸, Mar Tintore⁴, Helen Tremlett³⁹, Anneke Van der Walt¹¹, Shanthi Viswanathan⁴⁰, Heinz Wiendl⁴¹, Brigitte Wildemann⁴², Bassem Yamout⁴³, Paola Zaratin⁴⁴, Peter A Calabresi³³, Timothy Coetzee¹⁸, Alan J Thompson⁴⁵

Affiliations

¹ Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Vic Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: xavier.montalban@cem-cat.org.
² Université Nice Cote d'Azur UMR2CA-URRIS; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France.
³ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴ Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵ Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
⁶ Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁹ The Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰ Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK; Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹ Department of Neuroscience, School for Translational Medicine, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹² Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
¹³ Department of Neurology, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
¹⁴ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁶ Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁷ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, and Neurophysiology Service, and Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
¹⁸ National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁹ University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²⁰ Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Multiple Sclerosis & Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan.
²¹ Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
²² Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²³ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
²⁵ Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
²⁸ Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuroinflammation and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
²⁹ Departments of Medicine and Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada.
³⁰ Translational Neuroimmunology Group, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³¹ Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³² Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³³ Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁴ Department of Neurology, Section on Statistical Planning and Analysis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
³⁵ Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
³⁶ Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
³⁷ Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Biostatistics Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
³⁸ Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, Neurology Department, Pitié Salpetriere Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
³⁹ Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴¹ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴² Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁴³ Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁴ Italian MS Society and Foundation, Genoa, Italy.
⁴⁵ Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 40975101
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00270-4

Review

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria

Xavier Montalban et al. Lancet Neurol. 2025 Oct.

. 2025 Oct;24(10):850-865.

doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00270-4.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Vic Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: xavier.montalban@cem-cat.org.
² Université Nice Cote d'Azur UMR2CA-URRIS; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France.
³ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴ Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵ Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
⁶ Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁹ The Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰ Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK; Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹ Department of Neuroscience, School for Translational Medicine, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹² Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
¹³ Department of Neurology, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
¹⁴ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁶ Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁷ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, and Neurophysiology Service, and Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
¹⁸ National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁹ University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²⁰ Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Multiple Sclerosis & Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan.
²¹ Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
²² Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²³ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
²⁵ Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
²⁸ Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuroinflammation and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
²⁹ Departments of Medicine and Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada.
³⁰ Translational Neuroimmunology Group, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³¹ Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³² Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³³ Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁴ Department of Neurology, Section on Statistical Planning and Analysis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
³⁵ Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
³⁶ Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
³⁷ Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Biostatistics Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
³⁸ Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, Neurology Department, Pitié Salpetriere Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
³⁹ Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴¹ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴² Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁴³ Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁴ Italian MS Society and Foundation, Genoa, Italy.
⁴⁵ Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 40975101
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00270-4

Erratum in

Correction to Lancet Neurol 2025; 24: 850-65.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Lancet Neurol. 2025 Nov;24(11):e13. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00355-2. Epub 2025 Sep 23. Lancet Neurol. 2025. PMID: 41005340 No abstract available.

Abstract

Advances in the understanding of multiple sclerosis and the development of biomarkers of pathophysiology prompted a substantial revision of the 2017 McDonald diagnostic criteria. The new 2024 McDonald criteria provide a unified approach for diagnosing multiple sclerosis in individuals with relapsing or progressive courses throughout the lifespan (ie, from paediatric to late-life presentations). The optic nerve can now serve as a fifth anatomical location within the CNS for diagnosis. The central vein sign, paramagnetic rim lesions, and kappa free-light chain concentrations in CSF can be used, when available, to provide supportive evidence and confer specificity for a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in specific situations. In certain cases, radiologically isolated syndrome or neurological symptoms that do not constitute a clear attack or progression of disability can fulfil the criteria for a multiple sclerosis diagnosis. We also provide guidance for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in older individuals (≥50 years) and those with comorbidities. The 2024 revised criteria should expedite the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, while maintaining specificity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests GA received compensation for consulting services, speaking honoraria, or participation in advisory boards from Roche, Horizon Therapeutics, and Bristol Myers Squibb; travel support for scientific meetings from Novartis, Roche, ECTRIMS and EAN; GA serves as Editor for Europe of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal – Experimental, Translational and Clinical; is a member of the editorial and scientific committee for Acta Neurológica Colombiana; is a member of the International Women in Multiple Sclerosis (iWiMS) network executive committee, the European Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis (BioMS-eu) steering committee, the MOGAD Eugene Devic European Network (MEDEN) steering group, and the Platform Adaptive Trial for remyelination and neuroprotection in multiple Sclerosis (PLATYPUS) steering committee. MPA received research grants from the National MS Society, Canadian MS Society, Italian Health Ministry, Regione Toscana, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche; honoraria as a speaker and member of advisory boards for Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche, Celgene Bristol Myers Squibb, and Sandoz; and is member of the editorial board for Multiple Sclerosis. LA received research support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and Bristol Myer Squibb Foundation; is a local Principal Investigator for commercial trials funded by Genentech and Sanofi Genzyme; and received consulting fees from TGI Therapeutics, Novartis, Genentech, and EMD Serono. FB is supported by European Commission, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals (UCLH), GE Healthcare, Roche, and ADDI (paid to institution); is a consultant for Combinostics, IXICO, and Roche; and participates in steering committees or data safety monitoring boards for EISAI, Biogen, Prothena, and Merck. AB-O received consulting fees or advisory board participation fees from Abata, Autolus, Biogen, Cabaletta, Capstan, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunic, Merck EMD Serono, Moderna, Novartis, Roche Genentech, Sana, Sangamo, Sanofi Genzyme, and Viracta; and grant support to the University of Pennsylvania from Merck EMD Serono, Roche Genentech, Biogen Idec, and Novartis. BB served as a consultant to Novartis, Sanofi, Teva Neuroscience, and Biogen in the design of clinical trials for paediatric multiple sclerosis; has served as a central imaging Reviewer for clinical trials by Novartis and Roche; and received grant funding from the NIH, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and Multiple Sclerosis Canada. PAC received grants from the NIH, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Department of Defence, Genentech, and the Myelin Repair Foundation; and consulting honoraria for serving on safety advisory boards for Novartis, Idorsia, and Lilly. HB received research grants and contracts from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, UCB, Merck, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia, Trish Foundation, MS Australia, Pennycook Foundation, and Alfred Health (to institution); honoraria for consulting and speaking from Roche, Novartis, UCB, Merck, and Neuorphan; travel support from Merck and Novartis; and personal compensation from the MSBase Foundation. JCh received support from the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme NIHR, the UK MS Society, the US National MS Society, and the Rosetrees Trust; is supported in part by the NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre; has been a local Principal Investigator for a trial in multiple sclerosis funded by MS Canada; is a local Principal Investigator for commercial trials funded by Ionis and Roche; and has taken part in advisory boards or consultancy for Biogen, Contineum Therapeutics, FSD Pharma, InnoCare, Pheno Therapeutics, and Roche. OC holds a NIHR Research Professorship (RP-2017-08-ST2-004); received grants from the NIHR, UK MS Society, Medical Research Council, Rosetrees Trust; and received personal compensation for consulting or speaking from Novartis, Merck, Roche, Biogen, and Lundbeck. TC is an employee of the National Multiple Sclerosis USA, a sponsor of the International Committee on Clinical Trials in multiple sclerosis. JAC received personal compensation for consulting for Astoria, Bristol Myers Squibb, Convelo, and Viatris; and is a chair for a data safety and monitoring board DSMB for Celltrion. JCo received economic compensation for academic presentations, participation in advisory councils, and assistance to attend congresses from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Bayer, Sanofi Genzyme, Gador, Raffo, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Janssen. FD has participated in meetings sponsored by or received honoraria for acting as an advisor or speaker for Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Horizon, Janssen, Laurea Group, Medwhizz, Merck, Novartis Pharma, Neuraxpharm, Roche, Sandoz, and Teva; received research grants from Biogen, Novartis Pharma, and Sanofi (to institution); and is Section Editor of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders and Review Editor for Frontiers Neurology. MF received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; speaker fees from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participated in advisory boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi Aventis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Takeda; fees for scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi Genzyme; and research support from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. JF is an employee of the National Multiple Sclerosis USA, a sponsor of the International Committee on Clinical Trials in multiple sclerosis. MSF received research support from Sanofi Genzyme Canada; speaking fees from Hoffman-La Roche, Novartis, and EMD; honoraria and consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, EMD, EMD Serono, Merck Serono, Find Therapeutics, Hoffman La-Roche, Novartis, Sandoz, Sanofi Genzyme, Sentrex, and TEVA Canada Innovation; compensation for service on advisory boards and corporate boards for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Autolus, Bayer Healthcare, Celestra Health, EMD, Merck Serono, Find Therapeutics, Hoffman-La Roche, Neurogenesis, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Sentrex, and Setpoint Medical; and compensation for serving on data safety monitoring boards for Abata Therapeutics, Celltrion, Hoffman-La Roche, and Moderna. DK served as a consultant for CVS Health; received research support from the UK MS Society, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, BMA Foundation, Horne Family Charitable Foundation, Biogen, and Merck; and received honoraria for advisory boards and educational activities from Biogen, Novartis, Sandoz, Roche, Janssen, and Merck. KF received grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan; personal compensation for consulting from Merck Biopharma, Japan Tobacco, and AbbVie; payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from Biogen, Eisai, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Chugai Roche, Alexion, VielaBio Horizon Therapeutics, Teijin, Asahi Kasei Medical, Merck, and Takeda; participated on an advisory board for Biogen, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Chugai Roche, Alexion, VielaBio Horizon Therapeutics, and UCB; serves as the immediate past President of the Pan-Asian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (unpaid); is the immediate past President of the Japanese Society of Neuroimmunology (unpaid); is a board member of the Japan Multiple Sclerosis Society (unpaid); is a board member of the European Charcot Foundation (unpaid); and is a member of the International Medical and Scientific Board (MSIF; unpaid). CG is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Stiftung zur Förderung der gastroenterologischen und allgemeinen klinischen Forschung; received the fees that were used exclusively for research support from Siemens, GeNeuro, Genzyme Sanofi, Biogen, Novartis, and Hoffman-La Roche (to institution); advisory board and consultancy fees from Actelion, Genzyme Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro, Merck, Biogen, and Hoffman-La Roche (to institution); and speaker fees from Genzyme Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro, Merck, Biogen, and Hoffmann-La Roche (to institution). AJG receiveds grants from the Conrad N Hilton Foundation and the Tom Sherak MS Hope Foundation; other financial relationships for activities as expert witness, Associate Editor, advisory board or steering committee participation, and endpoint adjudication from Bionure, Inception Sciences, JAMA Neurology, MedImmune Viela Bio, Mylan, Synthon, and Trims Pharma; and personal fees from Pipeline Therapeutics. H-PH received honoraria for serving on a steering committee from Sanofi, TG Therapeutics, and Hoffmann-La Roche; served on data monitoring committees for Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, and Novartis; and received consulting fees from Neuraxpharm and Aurinia Pharma. KH received speaker honoraria and research support from Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Viatris, and TEVA; support for congress participation from Merck, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Novartis; and has served on scientific advisory boards for Sanofi Genzyme, TEVA, Roche, Novartis, and Merck. LK received research support, including steering committee, advisory board, and consultancy fees from Actelion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Johnson & Johnson, Japan Tobacco, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Santhera, Shionogi, and TG Therapeutics (to institution); speaker fees from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; support of educational activities from Allergan, Bayer, Biogen, CSL Behring, Desitin, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Shire, and TEVA; license fees for Neurostatus platform access; and grants from Bayer, Biogen, the EU, InnoSwiss, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, and the Swiss National Research Foundation. JK received research grants for multicentre investigator-initiated trials DOT-MS (NCT04260711, ZonMW), Supernext (NCT04225312, Treatmeds) and BLOOMS (NCT05296161, ZonMW and Treatmeds); consulting fees from Hoffmann-La Roche, Biogen, TEVA, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz, and Sanofi Genzyme (to institution); reports speaker relationships with Hoffmann-La Roche, Biogen, Immunic, TEVA, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi Genzyme (to institution); and is on the adjudication committee of multiple sclerosis clinical trials of Immunic (to institution). CL-F received travel support from the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). FL received research funding from Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi, National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), NIH, and Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics; consulting, advisory board, and data safety monitoring board fees from EMD Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Mylan Viatris, Immunic, Avotres, LabCorp, Neuralight, SetPoint Medical, Hexal Sandoz, Baim Institute, Sudo Biosciences, Lapix Therapeutics, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Abata Therapeutics, Cognito Therapeutics, ImmPACT Bio, InnoCare Pharma, and Appia Bio; holds stock in Avotres, Neuralight, and Lapix Therapeutics; and received speaker fees from Sanofi. XM received compensation for lecture honoraria and travel expenses, participation in scientific meetings, clinical trial steering committee membership, or clinical advisory board participation from AbbVie, Actelion, Alexion, Bial PD, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb Celgene, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Hoffmann-La Roche, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Medday, Merck, Mylan, Nervgen, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Peervoice, Samsung Biosys, Sandoz, Sanofi Genzyme, TEVA, TG Therapeutics, Excemed, Medscape, ECTRIMS, MSIF, and NMSS or any of their affiliates (to institution). JO holds the Waugh Family Chair in multiple sclerosis Research at St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and received grant funding from MS Canada, Brain Canada, the National MS Society, Biogen-Idec, Roche, and EMD Serono; received personal compensation for consulting or speaker fees from Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Eli Lilly, Horizon Therapeutics, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. SO-R received compensation for consulting services, speaking honoraria, and travel expenses for participation in scientific meetings from Genzyme, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Excemed, Merck, Moderna GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca; and research support from Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline. RAM received research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, MS Canada, Crohn's and Colitis Canada, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, the Arthritis Society, Public Health Agency of Canada, Pfizer Foundation, Brain Canada, and the US Department of Defense; is a co-investigator on studies receiving funding from Biogen Idec and Roche Canada; and holds the Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair at Dalhousie University. RM serves on scientific advisory boards for Amgen Horizon Therapeutics, UCB, and Roche; and received funding for travel and fees from Amgen, Alexion, Biogen, Roche, and UCB. MM received financial support from the MUR PNRR Extended Partnership (MNESYS no. PE00000006 and DHEAL-COM no. PNC-E3-2022-23683267); research grants from ECTRIMS-European Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS network (MAGNIMS), the UK MS Society, and Merck; salary as an Assistant Editor for Neurology and as social media Editor for Multiple Sclerosis; and honoraria from AbbVie, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb Celgene, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. AM received research support from Genzyme Sanofi; consulting fees from CVS Health, Biogen Idec, Corevitas, Mapi Pharma, Verana Health, and Viatris (Mylan); speaker fees from Biogen Idec, Alexion, and Amgen Horizon Therapeutics (all unbranded disease awareness programmes only). DR is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NINDS NIH; and received research support from Abata Therapeutics and Sanofi. MAR received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, and Roche; speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and TEVA; research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. DO received research support from the NIH, NMSS, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Race to Erase MS Foundation, Genentech, Genzyme, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis; and consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech Roche, Novartis, and Contineum Therapeutics. SR received research funding from the NHMRC Australia, the Petre Foundation, the Brain Foundation, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, and the University of Sydney; is supported by an NHMRC investigator grant (GNT2008339); serves as a consultant on an advisory board for UCB and Limbic Neurology; and has been an invited speaker for educational or research sessions coordinated by Biogen, Alexion, UCB, Novartis, Excemed, and Limbic Neurology. ÀR serves or served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi, Synthetic MR, Roche, and Biogen; received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck Serono, TEVA, Novartis, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Biogen; is Chief Medical Officer and co-founder of TensorMedical; and receives research support from Fondo de Investigación en Salud (PI19/00950 and PI22/01589) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. SS received consulting fees from Medical Logix for the development of continuing medical education programmes in neurology; has served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Novartis, Genentech, Clene Pharmaceuticals, Horizon therapeutics, and ReWind therapeutics; received consulting fees from Novartis, Genentech, JuneBrain, Innocare, Kiniksa, Lapix Therapeutics, and Setpoint Medical; is the Principal Investigator of investigator-initiated studies funded by Genentech, Biogen, and Novartis; was the site investigator of trials sponsored by MedDay Pharmaceuticals and Clene Pharmaceuticals; and is the site investigator of trials sponsored by Novartis and Lapix Therapeutics. AS received research funding from the Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, NMSS, Consortium of MS Centers; is a member of the editorial board for Neurology; serves as a consultant for Gryphon Bio, Sora Neuroscience, and Abata Therapeutics; has equity in Owl Therapeutics; is a member of the data and safety monitoring board for Central Vein Sign: A Diagnostic Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis, P3 EQUATE Health Equity Research Network, a phase 3, randomised controlled trial of video telehealth rehabilitation to reduce hospital readmission in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Tele-COPD), and Methotrexate treatment of Arthritis caused by Chikungunya virus (MARCH) trials; and holds the Kenney Marie Dixon–Pickens Distinguished Professorship in Multiple Sclerosis Research. JS-G received compensation for consulting services and speaking honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Merck, and Roche; is the Scientific Director of Revista de Neurología; is a member of the editorial committee of Multiple Sclerosis and received honorarium; and has received research support from Fondo de Investigación en Salud (PI19/00950 and PI22/00750) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. DS received a pilot research grant from the NMSS (to institution); personal honoraria for lecturing from Roche; travel support from Roche; and is a committee member and Chair of the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (unpaid). AJS received consulting fees from Octave Bioscience, Kiniksa, and TG Therapeutics; served on advisory boards for TG Therapeutics, Horizon Therapeutics, Genentech Roche, and Bristol Meyers Squibb; provided non-promotional speaking for EMD Serono; is a site Principal Investigator for contract research for Sanofi, Actelion, Genentech Roche, and Novartis; and received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb. MPS received personal compensation for consulting services and for speaking activities from Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Immunic, and Biogen. BS received compensation for lectures from Novartis, Roche, Biogen, Alexion, Merck, and Sanofi; research grant supports from Roche, Merck, and Novartis (to institution); and research funding from the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique from the French health ministry; and grants from the Big Brain Theory grant from Paris Brain Institute, France SEP-ARSEP, and Fondation pour la recherche médicale. MT received compensation for consulting services, speaking honoraria, and research support from Almirall, Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Immunic, Janssen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Viela Bio, and TEVA; and served on data safety monitoring boards for Parexel, UCB, and the Relapse Adjudication Committee for IMCYSE SA. HT received research support from the Canada Research Chair Program, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the CIHR, MS Canada, the Multiple Sclerosis Scientific Research Foundation, and the Fondation EDMUS contre la sclérose en plaques; served as an advisor for Canada's Drug Agency (2024–25, payment declined); is a clinical expert for the Scientific Advice Program; received travel expenses or registration fees to present at continuing medical eduation conferences or to attend meetings (as a member of the International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis) from the Consortium of MS Centres, the Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation, National MS Society, ECTRIMS ACTRIMS, and the American Academy of Neurology; and speaker honoraria are either declined or donated to an multiple sclerosis charity or to an unrestricted grant for use by HT's research group. AVdW served on advisory boards and received travel honoraria and unrestricted research grants from Novartis, Merck, and Roche; serves as the Chief Operating Officer of the non-profit MSBase Foundation (to self); and received research support from NHMRC Australia and MS Research Australia. SV is currently involved in industry sponsored trials with Novartis, and Sanofi; and has completed a trial with Alexion. HW received honoraria for acting as a member of scientific advisory boards from Alexion, Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz Hexal, and uniQure; speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, AOCN, AstraZeneca, Biogen, BGP Products Operations GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, CEMCAT, EPG Health Medthority, Genzyme, Kohlhammer, Merck, MS at the Limits, Neurodiem, NMSS, Novartis, Ology, Roche, Sanofi, Springer, Streamed up, TEVA, Uvet, and WebMD Global; is a paid consultant for Alexion, Argenx, Argobio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Fondazione Cariplo, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, INmune Bio_Syneos Health, Janssen, LTS, Lundbeck, Merck, Muna Therapeutics, Myrobalan Therapeutics, Novartis, PSL Group, Red Nucleus, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Teladochealth, Toleranzia, UCB, and Viatris; and received research funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutsche Myasthenie Gesellschaft, the EU, Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics, Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, Hoffmann-La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and UCB. BW received grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the German Ministry of Eduaction and Research, Baden-Württembeg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts, Dietmar-Hopp-Stiftung, Klaus-Tschira-Stiftung, Novartis, and Roche; and personal fees from Alexion, Argenx, INSTAND, Novartis, and Roche. BY received honoraria, consulting or speaker fees, and research grants from Merck Serono, Biogen, Bayer, Novartis, and Sanofi. AJT and PZ declare no competing interests.

Publication types

Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- ClinicalKey
- Elsevier Science
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria

Affiliations

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria

Authors

Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical