Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health

Golia Shafiei¹, Nathalia B Esper², Mauricio S Hoffmann³, Lei Ai², Andrew A Chen⁴, Jon Cluce², Sydney Covitz⁵, Steven Giavasis², Connor Lane², Kahini Mehta⁶, Tyler M Moore⁷, Taylor Salo¹, Tinashe M Tapera⁸, Monica E Calkins⁷, Stanley Colcombe⁹, Christos Davatzikos¹⁰, Raquel E Gur⁷, Ruben C Gur⁷, Pedro M Pan¹¹, Andrea P Jackowski¹¹, Ariel Rokem¹², Luis A Rohde¹³, Russell T Shinohara¹⁴, Nim Tottenham¹⁵, Xi-Nian Zuo¹⁶, Matthew Cieslak¹, Alexandre R Franco¹⁷, Gregory Kiar², Giovanni A Salum¹⁸, Michael P Milham¹⁹, Theodore D Satterthwaite²⁰

Affiliations

¹ Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
² Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
³ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental Health, São Paulo, Brazil; Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁴ Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
⁵ Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁸ Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁹ Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
¹² Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹³ Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁴ Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
¹⁷ Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁸ Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental Health, São Paulo, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Council UNIFAJ & UNIMAX, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁹ Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
²⁰ Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: sattertt@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

PMID: 40987284
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2025.08.026

Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health

Golia Shafiei et al. Neuron. 2025.

. 2025 Nov 19;113(22):3758-3779.e6.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2025.08.026. Epub 2025 Sep 22.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
² Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
³ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental Health, São Paulo, Brazil; Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁴ Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
⁵ Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁸ Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁹ Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
¹² Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹³ Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁴ Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
¹⁷ Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁸ Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental Health, São Paulo, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Council UNIFAJ & UNIMAX, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁹ Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
²⁰ Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: sattertt@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

PMID: 40987284
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2025.08.026

Abstract

Mental disorders are increasingly understood as disorders of brain development. Large and heterogeneous samples are required to define generalizable links between brain development and psychopathology. To this end, we introduce Reproducible Brain Charts (RBC), an open resource that integrates data from 5 large studies of brain development in youth from three continents (N = 6,346). Bifactor models were used to create harmonized psychiatric phenotypes, capturing major dimensions of psychopathology. Following rigorous quality assurance, neuroimaging data were carefully curated and processed using consistent pipelines in a reproducible manner. Initial analyses of RBC emphasize the benefit of careful quality assurance and data harmonization in delineating developmental effects and associations with psychopathology. Critically, all RBC data-including harmonized psychiatric phenotypes, unprocessed images, and fully processed imaging derivatives-are openly shared without a data use agreement via the International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative. Together, RBC facilitates large-scale, reproducible, and generalizable research in developmental and psychiatric neuroscience.

Keywords: MRI; QC; RBC; Reproducible Brain Charts; data harmonization; fMRI; neurodevelopment; open science; psychopathology; quality control; reproducible neuroscience; structural MRI.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests R.T.S. has received consulting income from Octave Bioscience and compensation for scientific reviewing from the American Medical Association. L.A.R. has received grant or research support from, served as a consultant to, and served on the speakers’ bureau of Abdi Ibrahim, Abbott, Aché, Adium, Apsen, Bial, Cellera, EMS, Hypera Pharma, Knight Therapeutics, Libbs, Medice, Novartis/Sandoz, Pfizer/Upjohn/Viatris, Shire/Takeda, and Torrent in the last three years. The ADHD and Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Programs chaired by L.A.R. have received unrestricted educational and research support from the following pharmaceutical companies in the last three years: Novartis/Sandoz and Shire/Takeda. Dr Rohde has received authorship royalties from Oxford Press and ArtMed.

Update of

Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health.
Shafiei G, Esper NB, Hoffmann MS, Ai L, Chen AA, Cluce J, Covitz S, Giavasis S, Lane C, Mehta K, Moore TM, Salo T, Tapera TM, Calkins ME, Colcombe S, Davatzikos C, Gur RE, Gur RC, Pan PM, Jackowski AP, Rokem A, Rohde LA, Shinohara RT, Tottenham N, Zuo XN, Cieslak M, Franco AR, Kiar G, Salum GA, Milham MP, Satterthwaite TD. Shafiei G, et al. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Feb 26:2025.02.24.639850. doi: 10.1101/2025.02.24.639850. bioRxiv. 2025. Update in: Neuron. 2025 Nov 19;113(22):3758-3779.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2025.08.026. PMID: 40060681 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.

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Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health

Affiliations

Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Update of

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Grants and funding

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Medical