Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages

Erin M Buchanan¹, Kelly Cuccolo², Tom Heyman³, Niels van Berkel⁴, Nicholas A Coles⁵, Aishwarya Iyer⁶, Kim Peters⁷, A E van 't Veer³, Maria Montefinese⁸, Nicholas P Maxwell⁹, Jack E Taylor¹⁰, Kathrene D Valentine^{11

12}, Patrícia Arriaga¹³, Krystian Barzykowski¹⁴, Leanne Boucher¹⁵, W Matthew Collins¹⁵, David C Vaidis^{16

17}, Balazs Aczel¹⁸, Ali H Al-Hoorie¹⁹, Ettore Ambrosini²⁰, Théo Besson²¹, Debora I Burin^{22

23}, Muhammad Mussaffa Butt²⁴, A J Benjamin Clarke²⁵, Yalda Daryani²⁶, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs²⁷, Mahmoud M Elsherif^{28

29}, Maria Fernández-López³⁰, Paulo Roberto Dos Santos Ferreira³¹, Raquel Meister Ko Freitag³², Carolina A Gattei^{33

34}, Hendrik Godbersen³⁵, Philip A Grim 2nd³⁶, Peter Halama³⁷, Patrik Havan³⁸, Natalia C Irrazabal³⁹, Chris Isloi⁴⁰, Rebecca Kvisler Iversen⁴¹, Yoann Julliard^{42

43}, Aslan Karaaslan^{44

45}, Michal Kohút⁴⁶, Veronika Kohútová⁴⁷, Julija Kos⁴⁸, Alexandra I Kosachenko⁴⁹, Tiago Jessé Souza de Lima⁵⁰, Matthew H C Mak⁵¹, Christina Manouilidou⁴⁸, Leonardo A Marciaga⁵², Xiaolin Melinna Melinna⁵³, Jacob Francisco Miranda⁵⁴, Coby Morvinski⁵⁵, Aishwarya Muppoor¹⁵, F Elif Müjdeci⁵⁶, Yngwie A Nielsen⁵⁷, Juan Carlos Oliveros⁵⁸, Jaš Onič⁴⁸, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou⁵⁹, Ishani Patel⁶⁰, Zoran Pavlović⁶¹, Blaž Pažon⁴⁸, Gerit Pfuhl^{62

63}, Ekaterina Pronizius⁶⁴, Timo B Roettger⁶⁵, Camilo R Ronderos⁶⁶, Susana Ruiz-Fernandez⁶⁷, Magdalena Senderecka⁶⁸, Çağlar Solak⁶⁹, Anna Stückler⁷⁰, Raluca D Szekely-Copîndean^{71

72}, Analí R Taboh^{73

74}, Rémi Thériault⁷⁵, Ulrich S Tran⁶⁴, Fabio Trecca⁷⁶, José Luis Ulloa⁷⁷, Marton A Varga⁷⁸, Steven Verheyen⁷⁹, Tijana Vesić Pavlović⁸⁰, Giada Viviani⁸, Nan Wang⁸¹, Kristyna Zivna⁸², Chen Chu Yun⁸³, Oliver James Clark⁸⁴, Oguz A Acar⁸⁵, Matúš Adamkovič^{86

87

88}, Giulia Agnoletti^{33

89}, Atakan M Akil^{18

90}, Zainab Alsuhaibani⁹¹, Simona Amenta⁹², Olga A Ananyeva⁹³, Michael Andreychik⁹⁴, Bernhard Angele⁹⁵, Danna Catalina Arias Quiñones⁹⁶, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze⁹⁷, Adrian Dahl Askelund^{98

99}, Bradley J Baker¹⁰⁰, Ernest Baskin¹⁰¹, Luisa Batalha¹⁰², Carlota Batres⁹⁶, Maria Soledad Beato¹⁰³, Manuel Becker¹⁰⁴, Maja Becker¹⁶, Maciej Behnke¹⁰⁵, Christophe Blaison¹⁰⁶, Anna M Borghi^{107

108}, Eduard Brandstätter¹⁰⁹, Jacek Buczny¹¹⁰, Nesrin Budak¹¹¹, Álvaro Cabana¹¹², Zhenguang G Cai¹¹³, Enrique C Canessa^{114

115}, Müge Cavdan¹¹⁶, Luca Cecchetti¹¹⁷, Sergio E Chaigneau¹¹⁸, Feria X W Chang¹¹⁹, Christopher R Chartier¹²⁰, Sau-Chin Chen¹²¹, Elena Cherniaeva⁹³, Morten H Christiansen^{122

123}, Hu Chuan-Peng⁸³, Patrycja Chwiłkowska¹²⁴, Montserrat Comesaña¹²⁵, Chin Wen Cong¹²⁶, Casey Cowan¹²⁷, Stéphane Daniel Dandeneau¹²⁸, Oana A David¹²⁹, William E Davis¹³⁰, Elif Gizem Demirag Burak¹³¹, Barnaby James Wyld Dixson^{132

133}, Hongfei Du^{134

135}, Rod Duclos¹³⁶, Wouter Duyck¹³⁷, Liudmila A Efimova⁹³, Ciara Egan¹²⁷, Vanessa Era^{138

139}, Thomas R Evans^{140

141}, Anna Exner¹⁴², Gilad Feldman¹⁴³, Katharina Fellnhofer^{144

145}, Chiara Fini¹⁴⁶, Sarah E Fisher¹²⁰, Heather D Flowe¹⁴⁷, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez¹⁴⁸, Daniele Gatti¹⁴⁹, Jason Geller¹⁵⁰, Vaitsa Giannouli¹⁵¹, Anna Sergeevna Gorokhova⁹³, Lindsay M Griener¹⁵², Dmitry Grigoryev¹⁵³, Igor Grossmann^{154

155}, Hesam Ghasemi¹⁵⁶, Giacomo Handjaras¹⁵⁷, Cathy Hauspie¹³⁷, Zhiran He¹⁵⁸, Renata M Heilman⁷², Amirmahdi Heydari¹⁵⁹, Alanna M Hine¹²⁷, Karlijn Hoyer¹⁶⁰, Weronika Hryniszak¹⁶¹, Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao¹⁶², Guanxiong Huang¹⁶³, Keiko Ihaya¹⁶⁴, Ewa Ilczuk¹⁶⁵, Tatsunori Ishii¹⁶⁶, Andrei Dumbravă^{167

168}, Katarzyna Jankowiak¹⁶⁹, Xiaoming Jiang^{170

171}, David C Johnson^{172

173}, Rafał Jończyk^{169

174}, Juhani Järvikivi¹⁷⁵, Laura Kaczer¹⁷⁶, Kevin Leander Kamermans¹⁷⁷, Johannes A Karl^{178

179

180}, Alexander Karner¹⁸¹, Pavol Kačmár¹⁸², Jacob J Keech¹⁸³, M Justin Kim^{184

185}, Max Korbmacher^{186

187}, Kathrin Kostorz⁶⁴, Marta Kowal¹⁸⁸, Tomas Kratochvil¹⁸⁹, Yoshihiko Kunisato¹⁹⁰, Anna O Kuzminska¹⁹¹, Lívia Körtvélyessy¹⁹², Fatma Ebru Köse^{193

194}, Massimo Köster¹⁰⁴, Magdalena Kękuś¹⁹⁵, Melanie Labusch^{196

197}, Claus Lamm⁶⁴, Chaak Ming Lau¹⁹⁸, Julieta Laurino¹⁷⁶, Wilbert Law^{199

200}, Giada Lettieri²⁰¹, Carmel A Levitan²⁰², Jackson G Lu²⁰³, Sarah E MacPherson²⁰⁴, Klara Malinakova⁸², Diego Manriquez-Robles²⁰⁵, Nicolás Marchant²⁰⁶, Marco Marelli⁹², Martín Martínez²⁰⁷, Molly F Matthews²⁰⁸, Alan D A Mattiassi²⁰⁹, Josefina Mattoli-Sánchez²¹⁰, Claudia Mazzuca¹⁰⁷, David P McGovern¹⁷⁸, Zdenek Meier⁸², Filip Melinscak¹⁸¹, Michal Misiak^{188

211}, Luis Carlos Pereira Monteiro²¹², David Moreau^{213

214}, Sebastian Moreno¹¹⁴, Kate E Mulgrew²¹⁵, Dominique Muller^{42

43}, Tamás Nagy¹⁸, Marcin Naranowicz²¹⁶, Izuchukwu L G Ndukaihe²¹⁷, Maital Neta²¹⁸, Lukas Novak⁸², Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya²¹⁹, Jessica Jee Won Paek²²⁰, Aspasia Eleni Paltoglou^{221

222}, Francisco J Parada²²³, Adam J Parker²²⁴, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura^{225

226}, Yuri G Pavlov²²⁷, Saeed Paydarfard²²⁸, Dominik Pegler⁶⁴, Mehmet Peker²²⁹, Manuel Perea^{197

230}, Stefan Pfattheicher⁷⁰, John Protzko²³¹, Irina Sergeevna Prusova⁹³, Katarzyna Pypno-Blajda²²⁵, Zhuang Qiu^{113

232}, Ulf-Dietrich Reips²³³, Gianni Ribeiro^{234

235}, Luca Rinaldi^{236

237}, S Craig Roberts^{188

238}, Tanja C Roembke²³⁹, Marina O Romanova⁹³, Robert M Ross²⁴⁰, Jan Philipp Röer²⁴¹, Filiz Rızaoğlu²⁴², Toni T Saari²⁴³, Erika Sampaolo¹¹⁷, Anabela Caetano Santos²⁴⁴, F Çağlar Sarıçiçek²⁴⁵, Kyoshiro Sasaki²⁴⁶, Frank Scharnowski⁶⁴, Kathleen Schmidt¹²⁰, Amir Sepehri²⁴⁷, Halid O Serçe²⁴⁸, A Timur Sevincer²⁴⁹, Cynthia S Q Siew¹¹⁹, Matilde Ellen Simonetti²⁵⁰, Miroslav Sirota²⁵¹, Agnieszka Sorokowska²⁵², Piotr Sorokowski²⁵², Ian D Stephen²⁵³, Laura M Stevens²⁵⁴, Suzanne L K Stewart²⁵⁵, David Steyrl⁶⁴, Stefan Stieger²⁵⁶, Anna Studzinska²⁵⁷, Mar Suarez¹⁰³, Anna Szala^{258

259}, Arnaud Szmalec^{137

260}, Daniel Sznycer²⁶¹, Ewa Szumowska^{262

263}, Sinem Söylemez⁶⁹, Bahadır Söylemez²⁶⁴, Kaito Takashima²⁶⁵, Christian K Tamnes²⁶⁶, Joel C R Tan¹¹⁹, Chengxiang Tang²⁶⁷, Peter Tavel⁸², Julian Tejada²⁶⁸, Benjamin C Thompson²⁶⁹, Jake G Tiernan¹⁷⁸, Vicente Torres-Muñoz²⁷⁰, Anna K Touloumakos²⁷¹, Bastien Trémolière^{16

272}, Monika Tschense²⁷³, Belgüzar Nilay Türkan²⁷⁴, Miguel A Vadillo²⁷⁵, Caterina Vannucci¹¹⁷, Michael E W Varnum²⁷⁶, Martin R Vasilev²²⁴, Leigh Ann Vaughn²⁷⁷, Fanny Verkampt²⁷⁸, Liliana M Villar^{279

280}, Sebastian Wallot²⁸¹, Lijun Wang²⁸², Ke Wang²⁸³, Glenn Patrick Williams²⁸⁴, David Willinger²⁵⁶, Kelly Wolfe^{285

286}, Alexandra S Wormley^{276

287}, Yuki Yamada²⁸⁸, Yunkai Yang²⁸⁹, Yuwei Zhou¹⁹⁹, Mengfan Zhang⁶⁴, Wang Zheng²⁹⁰, Yueyuan Zheng²⁹¹, Chenghao Zhou²⁹², Radka Zidkova⁸², Nina Meret Zumbrunn¹⁷⁸, Ogeday Çoker²⁹³, Sami Çoksan^{294

295}, Sezin Öner²⁴⁵, Asil Ali Özdoğru^{296

297}, Seda Merve Şahin¹¹¹, Dauren Kasanov²⁹⁸, Alexios Arvanitis²⁹⁹, Cameron Brick³⁰⁰, Melissa F Colloff²⁵⁴, Albina Gallyamova³⁰¹, Christopher Koch³⁰², Ivan Ropovik^{303

304}, Yucheng Zhang³⁰⁵, Xingxing Zhou³⁰⁶, Sneh Patel¹⁵, Jordan W Suchow³⁰⁷, Savannah C Lewis^{120

269}

Affiliations

¹ Analytics, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA. ebuchanan@harrisburgu.edu.
² Independent researcher, Alma, MI, USA.
³ Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁵ Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, India.
⁷ University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
⁸ Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
⁹ Psychology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹¹ General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹² Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³ Department of Psychology, CIS-Iscte, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁴ Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁵ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
¹⁶ CLLE, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
¹⁷ Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
¹⁸ Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁹ Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia.
²⁰ Department of Neuroscience, Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
²¹ Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
²² Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²³ Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁴ Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
²⁵ Department of Linguistics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
²⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
²⁷ College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²⁹ Department of Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
³⁰ Department of Basic Psychology and ERI-Lectura, University of València, València, Spain.
³¹ Instituto de Psicologia, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
³² Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
³³ School of Government, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁴ Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁵ FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany.
³⁶ Computer and Information Sciences, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA.
³⁷ Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
³⁸ Institute of Experimental Psychology, Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
³⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁰ Unaffiliated researcher, London, UK.
⁴¹ Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas (IFIKK), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁴² LIP/PC2S, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
⁴³ LIP/PC2S, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁴⁷ Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁴⁸ Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
⁵⁰ Department of Social and Work Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
⁵¹ Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
⁵² Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁵³ School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
⁵⁴ Psychology Department, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁷ School of Communication and Culture, Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
⁵⁹ Department of Primary Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁶⁰ College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶² Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
⁶³ Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
⁶⁴ Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁶⁵ Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁶ Center for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁶⁷ Department of Psychology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany.
⁶⁸ Centre for Cognitive Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁷¹ Department of Social and Human Research, Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁷² Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁷³ CONICET, Institute of Interdisciplinary and Applied Physics (INFINA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷⁴ School of Business, Neuroscience Lab, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁷⁶ TrygFonden's Centre for Child Research, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁷⁷ Associative Research Program in Cognitive Sciences, Research Center in Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.
⁷⁸ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁷⁹ Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸⁰ Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁸¹ Department of Linguistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁸² Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.
⁸³ School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
⁸⁴ Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
⁸⁵ King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK.
⁸⁶ Institute of Social Sciences CSPS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.
⁸⁷ Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
⁸⁸ Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
⁸⁹ School of Government, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁹⁰ Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹¹ College of Languages and Translation, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹² Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
⁹³ Laboratory for Psychology of Social Inequality, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA.
⁹⁵ Nebrija Research Center in Cognition (CINC), Antonio de Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain.
⁹⁶ Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA.
⁹⁷ Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
⁹⁸ Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁹⁹ PsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Sport, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰¹ Department of Food, Pharma, and Healthcare, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰² School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁰³ Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
¹⁰⁴ Psychological Assessment, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
¹⁰⁶ Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹⁰⁸ Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian Research Council, Rome, Italy.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
¹¹⁰ Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹¹¹ Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
¹¹² School of Psychology and CICADA, Interdisciplinary Center for Data Science and Machine Learning, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay.
¹¹³ Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹¹⁴ Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
¹¹⁵ Deparment of Psychology, Center for Cognition Research, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
¹¹⁶ Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
¹¹⁷ Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy.
¹¹⁸ Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
¹¹⁹ Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
¹²⁰ Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA.
¹²¹ Department of Human Development and Psychology, Tzu-Chi University, Haulien, Taiwan.
¹²² Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
¹²³ Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹²⁴ Psychology and Cognitive Science Department, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
¹²⁵ Basic Psychology, Psycholinguistics Research Line, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
¹²⁶ School of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Wawasan Open University, George Town, Malaysia.
¹²⁷ School of Psychology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
¹²⁸ Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
¹²⁹ International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
¹³⁰ Department of Psychology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
¹³² School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Morton Bay, Queensland, Australia.
¹³³ The School of Psychology, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹³⁴ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.
¹³⁵ Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
¹³⁶ Ivey School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁷ Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
¹³⁸ Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹³⁹ Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴⁰ School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
¹⁴¹ Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
¹⁴² Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
¹⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁴⁵ Research and Innovation Management GmbH, Neumarkt an der Ybbs, Austria.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴⁷ School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵¹ School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.
¹⁵² Centre for Comparative Psycholinguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁵³ Center for Sociocultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵⁵ African Centre for Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁵⁶ Marketing, ESSEC Business School, Cergy, France.
¹⁵⁷ IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy.
¹⁵⁸ Education Department, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
¹⁵⁹ Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁶⁰ Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁶¹ Faculty of Philosophy, Applied Memory Research Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁶² Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.
¹⁶³ Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.
¹⁶⁴ Center for Liberal Arts, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹⁶⁵ Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁶⁷ George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Iași, Romania.
¹⁶⁸ Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania.
¹⁶⁹ Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
¹⁷⁰ Institute of Language Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁷¹ Key Laboratory of Language Science and Multilingual Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁷² Department of Behavioral Sciences, York College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷³ Department of Psychology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷⁴ Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
¹⁷⁵ Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁷⁶ Department of Physiology, Molecular, and Cellular Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁷⁷ Independent researcher, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁷⁸ School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁷⁹ University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁸⁰ School of Psychology Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
¹⁸¹ Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁸² Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
¹⁸³ School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁸⁴ Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁸⁵ Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁸⁷ Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁸⁸ IDN Being Human, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
¹⁸⁹ International Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
¹⁹⁰ Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan.
¹⁹¹ Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁹² Department of British and American Studies, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
¹⁹³ Psychology Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
¹⁹⁴ Psychology Department, Durham University, Durham, UK.
¹⁹⁵ Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁹⁶ ERI-Lectura and Department of Methodology, University of València, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁹⁷ Nebrija Research Center in Cognition (CINC), Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹⁸ Centre for Research on Linguistics and Language Studies, Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, China.
¹⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
²⁰⁰ Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
²⁰¹ Affective Physiology and Interoception Group, MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy.
²⁰² Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
²⁰³ MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
²⁰⁴ Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁰⁵ Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
²⁰⁶ Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Valparaíso, Chile.
²⁰⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
²⁰⁸ Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
²⁰⁹ Department of Education, Literatures, Intercultural Studies, Languages and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
²¹⁰ Faculty of Psychology, Center for Studies in Human Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
²¹¹ School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²¹² Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
²¹³ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
²¹⁴ Center for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
²¹⁵ School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia.
²¹⁶ Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
²¹⁷ Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
²¹⁸ Department of Psychology, Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
²¹⁹ Psychology Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
²²⁰ Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
²²¹ School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
²²² School of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health (PSP), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
²²³ Department of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
²²⁴ Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
²²⁵ Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
²²⁶ Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
²²⁷ Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
²²⁸ Psychology and Educational Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
²²⁹ Faculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
²³⁰ Department of Methodology, University of València, Valencia, Spain.
²³¹ Psychological Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA.
²³² Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Macau, China.
²³³ Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
²³⁴ School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²³⁵ School of Law and Justice, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.
²³⁶ Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
²³⁷ Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
²³⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
²³⁹ Chair of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
²⁴⁰ Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²⁴¹ Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
²⁴² Foreign Language Education Department, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
²⁴³ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁴⁴ CIS-Iscte, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
²⁴⁵ Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁴⁶ Faculty of Informatics, Kansai University, Takatsuki, Japan.
²⁴⁷ Department of Marketing, ESSEC Business School, Cergy, France.
²⁴⁸ Psychology Department, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁴⁹ Institute of Substainability Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lunenburg, Germany.
²⁵⁰ Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
²⁵¹ Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
²⁵² Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
²⁵³ Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.
²⁵⁴ School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²⁵⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
²⁵⁶ Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
²⁵⁷ Humanities Department, Icam School of Engineering, Toulouse, France.
²⁵⁸ Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
²⁵⁹ Center for Language Evolution Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
²⁶⁰ Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
²⁶¹ Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
²⁶² Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
²⁶³ Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
²⁶⁴ Philosophy, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
²⁶⁵ Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
²⁶⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
²⁶⁷ School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.
²⁶⁸ Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.
²⁶⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
²⁷⁰ Research Center in Cognitive Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.
²⁷¹ Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece.
²⁷² Psychology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada.
²⁷³ Institute for Sustainability Psychology, School of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lunenburg, Germany.
²⁷⁴ Department of Cognitive Psychology, Trier University, Trier, Germany.
²⁷⁵ Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
²⁷⁶ Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
²⁷⁷ Department of Psychology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA.
²⁷⁸ LAPCOS, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.
²⁷⁹ Department of Psychological Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA.
²⁸⁰ Department of Psychology, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, NH, USA.
²⁸¹ Institute of Sustainability Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lunenburg, Germany.
²⁸² School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
²⁸³ Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
²⁸⁴ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
²⁸⁵ Psychology Department, School of Philosophy & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁸⁶ Psychology Department, Center for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁸⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
²⁸⁸ Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
²⁸⁹ Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
²⁹⁰ School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
²⁹¹ Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
²⁹² Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
²⁹³ Department of Psychology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
²⁹⁴ Network for Economic and Social Trends, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
²⁹⁵ Department of Psychology, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
²⁹⁶ Department of Psychology, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁹⁷ Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁹⁸ Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
²⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.
³⁰⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
³⁰¹ Centre for Sociocultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
³⁰² Department of Psychology, George Fox University, Newberg, OR, USA.
³⁰³ Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁰⁴ Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.
³⁰⁵ Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
³⁰⁶ Institute of Facility Agriculture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, China.
³⁰⁷ School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.

PMID: 40993402
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02254-x

Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages

Erin M Buchanan et al. Nat Hum Behav. 2025.

. 2025 Sep 24.

doi: 10.1038/s41562-025-02254-x. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Analytics, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA. ebuchanan@harrisburgu.edu.
² Independent researcher, Alma, MI, USA.
³ Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁵ Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, India.
⁷ University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
⁸ Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
⁹ Psychology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹¹ General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹² Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³ Department of Psychology, CIS-Iscte, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁴ Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁵ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
¹⁶ CLLE, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
¹⁷ Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
¹⁸ Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁹ Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia.
²⁰ Department of Neuroscience, Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
²¹ Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
²² Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²³ Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁴ Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
²⁵ Department of Linguistics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
²⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
²⁷ College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²⁹ Department of Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
³⁰ Department of Basic Psychology and ERI-Lectura, University of València, València, Spain.
³¹ Instituto de Psicologia, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
³² Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
³³ School of Government, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁴ Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁵ FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany.
³⁶ Computer and Information Sciences, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA.
³⁷ Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
³⁸ Institute of Experimental Psychology, Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
³⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁰ Unaffiliated researcher, London, UK.
⁴¹ Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas (IFIKK), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁴² LIP/PC2S, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
⁴³ LIP/PC2S, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁴⁷ Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁴⁸ Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
⁵⁰ Department of Social and Work Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
⁵¹ Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
⁵² Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁵³ School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
⁵⁴ Psychology Department, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁷ School of Communication and Culture, Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
⁵⁹ Department of Primary Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁶⁰ College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶² Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
⁶³ Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
⁶⁴ Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁶⁵ Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁶ Center for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁶⁷ Department of Psychology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany.
⁶⁸ Centre for Cognitive Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁷¹ Department of Social and Human Research, Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁷² Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁷³ CONICET, Institute of Interdisciplinary and Applied Physics (INFINA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷⁴ School of Business, Neuroscience Lab, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁷⁶ TrygFonden's Centre for Child Research, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁷⁷ Associative Research Program in Cognitive Sciences, Research Center in Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.
⁷⁸ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁷⁹ Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸⁰ Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁸¹ Department of Linguistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁸² Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.
⁸³ School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
⁸⁴ Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
⁸⁵ King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK.
⁸⁶ Institute of Social Sciences CSPS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.
⁸⁷ Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
⁸⁸ Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
⁸⁹ School of Government, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁹⁰ Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹¹ College of Languages and Translation, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹² Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
⁹³ Laboratory for Psychology of Social Inequality, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA.
⁹⁵ Nebrija Research Center in Cognition (CINC), Antonio de Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain.
⁹⁶ Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA.
⁹⁷ Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
⁹⁸ Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁹⁹ PsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Sport, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰¹ Department of Food, Pharma, and Healthcare, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰² School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁰³ Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
¹⁰⁴ Psychological Assessment, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
¹⁰⁶ Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹⁰⁸ Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian Research Council, Rome, Italy.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
¹¹⁰ Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹¹¹ Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
¹¹² School of Psychology and CICADA, Interdisciplinary Center for Data Science and Machine Learning, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay.
¹¹³ Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹¹⁴ Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
¹¹⁵ Deparment of Psychology, Center for Cognition Research, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
¹¹⁶ Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
¹¹⁷ Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy.
¹¹⁸ Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
¹¹⁹ Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
¹²⁰ Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA.
¹²¹ Department of Human Development and Psychology, Tzu-Chi University, Haulien, Taiwan.
¹²² Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
¹²³ Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹²⁴ Psychology and Cognitive Science Department, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
¹²⁵ Basic Psychology, Psycholinguistics Research Line, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
¹²⁶ School of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Wawasan Open University, George Town, Malaysia.
¹²⁷ School of Psychology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
¹²⁸ Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
¹²⁹ International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
¹³⁰ Department of Psychology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
¹³² School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Morton Bay, Queensland, Australia.
¹³³ The School of Psychology, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹³⁴ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.
¹³⁵ Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
¹³⁶ Ivey School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁷ Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
¹³⁸ Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹³⁹ Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴⁰ School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
¹⁴¹ Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
¹⁴² Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
¹⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁴⁵ Research and Innovation Management GmbH, Neumarkt an der Ybbs, Austria.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴⁷ School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵¹ School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.
¹⁵² Centre for Comparative Psycholinguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁵³ Center for Sociocultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵⁵ African Centre for Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁵⁶ Marketing, ESSEC Business School, Cergy, France.
¹⁵⁷ IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy.
¹⁵⁸ Education Department, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
¹⁵⁹ Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁶⁰ Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁶¹ Faculty of Philosophy, Applied Memory Research Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁶² Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.
¹⁶³ Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.
¹⁶⁴ Center for Liberal Arts, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹⁶⁵ Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁶⁷ George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Iași, Romania.
¹⁶⁸ Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania.
¹⁶⁹ Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
¹⁷⁰ Institute of Language Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁷¹ Key Laboratory of Language Science and Multilingual Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁷² Department of Behavioral Sciences, York College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷³ Department of Psychology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷⁴ Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
¹⁷⁵ Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁷⁶ Department of Physiology, Molecular, and Cellular Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁷⁷ Independent researcher, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁷⁸ School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁷⁹ University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁸⁰ School of Psychology Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
¹⁸¹ Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁸² Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
¹⁸³ School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁸⁴ Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁸⁵ Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁸⁷ Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁸⁸ IDN Being Human, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
¹⁸⁹ International Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
¹⁹⁰ Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan.
¹⁹¹ Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁹² Department of British and American Studies, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
¹⁹³ Psychology Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
¹⁹⁴ Psychology Department, Durham University, Durham, UK.
¹⁹⁵ Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁹⁶ ERI-Lectura and Department of Methodology, University of València, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁹⁷ Nebrija Research Center in Cognition (CINC), Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹⁸ Centre for Research on Linguistics and Language Studies, Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, China.
¹⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
²⁰⁰ Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
²⁰¹ Affective Physiology and Interoception Group, MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy.
²⁰² Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
²⁰³ MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
²⁰⁴ Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁰⁵ Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
²⁰⁶ Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Adolfo Ibáñez, Valparaíso, Chile.
²⁰⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
²⁰⁸ Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
²⁰⁹ Department of Education, Literatures, Intercultural Studies, Languages and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
²¹⁰ Faculty of Psychology, Center for Studies in Human Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
²¹¹ School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²¹² Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
²¹³ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
²¹⁴ Center for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
²¹⁵ School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia.
²¹⁶ Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
²¹⁷ Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
²¹⁸ Department of Psychology, Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
²¹⁹ Psychology Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.
²²⁰ Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
²²¹ School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
²²² School of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health (PSP), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
²²³ Department of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
²²⁴ Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
²²⁵ Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
²²⁶ Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
²²⁷ Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
²²⁸ Psychology and Educational Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
²²⁹ Faculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
²³⁰ Department of Methodology, University of València, Valencia, Spain.
²³¹ Psychological Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA.
²³² Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Macau, China.
²³³ Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
²³⁴ School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²³⁵ School of Law and Justice, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.
²³⁶ Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
²³⁷ Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
²³⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
²³⁹ Chair of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
²⁴⁰ Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²⁴¹ Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
²⁴² Foreign Language Education Department, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
²⁴³ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
²⁴⁴ CIS-Iscte, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
²⁴⁵ Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁴⁶ Faculty of Informatics, Kansai University, Takatsuki, Japan.
²⁴⁷ Department of Marketing, ESSEC Business School, Cergy, France.
²⁴⁸ Psychology Department, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁴⁹ Institute of Substainability Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lunenburg, Germany.
²⁵⁰ Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
²⁵¹ Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
²⁵² Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
²⁵³ Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.
²⁵⁴ School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²⁵⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
²⁵⁶ Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
²⁵⁷ Humanities Department, Icam School of Engineering, Toulouse, France.
²⁵⁸ Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
²⁵⁹ Center for Language Evolution Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
²⁶⁰ Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
²⁶¹ Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
²⁶² Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
²⁶³ Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
²⁶⁴ Philosophy, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
²⁶⁵ Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
²⁶⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
²⁶⁷ School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.
²⁶⁸ Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.
²⁶⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
²⁷⁰ Research Center in Cognitive Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.
²⁷¹ Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece.
²⁷² Psychology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada.
²⁷³ Institute for Sustainability Psychology, School of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lunenburg, Germany.
²⁷⁴ Department of Cognitive Psychology, Trier University, Trier, Germany.
²⁷⁵ Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
²⁷⁶ Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
²⁷⁷ Department of Psychology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA.
²⁷⁸ LAPCOS, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.
²⁷⁹ Department of Psychological Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA.
²⁸⁰ Department of Psychology, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, NH, USA.
²⁸¹ Institute of Sustainability Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lunenburg, Germany.
²⁸² School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
²⁸³ Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
²⁸⁴ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
²⁸⁵ Psychology Department, School of Philosophy & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁸⁶ Psychology Department, Center for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁸⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
²⁸⁸ Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
²⁸⁹ Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
²⁹⁰ School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
²⁹¹ Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
²⁹² Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
²⁹³ Department of Psychology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
²⁹⁴ Network for Economic and Social Trends, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
²⁹⁵ Department of Psychology, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
²⁹⁶ Department of Psychology, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁹⁷ Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.
²⁹⁸ Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
²⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.
³⁰⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
³⁰¹ Centre for Sociocultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
³⁰² Department of Psychology, George Fox University, Newberg, OR, USA.
³⁰³ Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁰⁴ Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.
³⁰⁵ Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
³⁰⁶ Institute of Facility Agriculture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, China.
³⁰⁷ School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.

PMID: 40993402
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02254-x

Abstract

Semantic priming has been studied for nearly 50 years across various experimental manipulations and theoretical frameworks. Although previous studies provide insight into the cognitive underpinnings of semantic representations, they have suffered from small sample sizes and a lack of linguistic and cultural diversity. In this Registered Report, we measured the size and the variability of the semantic priming effect across 19 languages (n = 25,163 participants analysed) by creating the largest available database of semantic priming values using an adaptive sampling procedure. We found evidence for semantic priming in terms of differences in response latencies between related word-pair conditions and unrelated word-pair conditions. Model comparisons showed that the inclusion of a random intercept for language improved model fit, providing support for variability in semantic priming across languages. This study highlights the robustness and variability of semantic priming across languages and provides a rich, linguistically diverse dataset for further analysis. The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 15 July 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/u5bp6 (registration) or https://osf.io/q4fjy (preprint version 6, 31 May 2022).

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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Grants and funding

72272048, 72343035, 72432003, 71902164, 71972065,72272049, and 72102060/National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)

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Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages

Affiliations

Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Grants and funding