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Review
. 2025 Sep 10;12(9):1212.
doi: 10.3390/children12091212.

Viral and Bacterial Etiology of Common Respiratory Infections in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Jordy Exaucé Demboux Lyelet  1   2 , Pembe Issamou Mayengue  1   2   3 , Félix Koukouikila-Koussounda  1   2 , Eric M Leroy  4 , Pierre Becquart  5 , Fabien Roch Niama  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Viral and Bacterial Etiology of Common Respiratory Infections in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Jordy Exaucé Demboux Lyelet et al. Children (Basel). .

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Respiratory infections are a major global public health problem, with potentially serious consequences. Indeed, they remain one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 in developing countries. Etiological information on respiratory infections is crucial for prevention and case management strategies. This review describes the etiology of respiratory infections reported in studies conducted in sub-Saharan African countries. Methods: PubMed, HINARI and Google Scholar search engines were used for bibliographic research, and only data from sub-Saharan Africa were considered. Articles published between 2010 and 2023, in English or French, were included in this review. Results: After a thorough search, 2175 documents were identified. Critical review and removal of duplicates identified 347 full-text studies, which underwent rigorous evaluation. A total of 50 articles were retained, with studies conducted in 24 sub-Saharan African countries, most of them in Cameroon (12%). Thirty-three (66%) were cross-sectional studies, and thirty-seven (74%) were hospital-based surveys. Respiratory syncytial virus was most frequently identified (0.6% to 59%), followed by rhinovirus (7.5% to 73%). The most frequent bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (1-96%) and Haemophilus influenzae (2.5-54%). Conclusions: This study suggests that acute respiratory infections in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in children, are primarily caused by viruses and a few bacteria.

Keywords: bacteria; etiology; respiratory infection; sub-Saharan Africa; viruses.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of search strategy (PRISMA flow diagram).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Geographical identification of the 50 included studies associated with the 24 countries (map generating with QGIS 3.16.0).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of different types of studies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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