Feasibility Evaluation of Partially Replacing Ordinary Portland Cement with Ferro-Nickel Slag in Ready-Mixed Concrete for Precast Applications

Abstract

The global generation of industrial waste is increasing rapidly, with much of it either landfilled or discharged into marine environments, resulting in severe environmental pollution. To address this issue, extensive research has been conducted on utilizing waste materials as partial replacements for cement. Although concrete incorporating industrial by-products offers environmental advantages-such as reducing pollution and lowering CO₂ emissions-its application has been limited by poor early-age performance. In South Korea, the annual production of ferronickel slag (FNS) now exceeds 2,000,000 tons, yet its usage remains minimal. To improve this early-age performance, researchers have applied steam curing (SC), a method widely used in precast concrete, which can enhance the utilization of FNS-containing concrete. Some studies have individually evaluated the mechanical or microstructural properties of SC effects, but the combined effects of FNS and SC replacement in precast concrete have rarely been addressed. This study applied SC, a method widely used in precast concrete production, to improve the performance of FNS concrete and conducted a comprehensive evaluation to promote its practical application. For this purpose, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with FNS at rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. To assess the effects, tests were conducted on hydration heat, SEM, and XRD, along with evaluations of compressive and splitting tensile strength. Results identified 20% as the optimal replacement ratio. At this ratio, chloride penetration resistance and freeze-thaw durability were also assessed. Furthermore, FNS concrete was evaluated under both natural curing (NC, 28 days) and SC conditions to simulate precast production. Under NC, mechanical properties declined as the FNS content increased, whereas under SC, the performance of the 20% replacement mixture was comparable to that of the control. In addition, the chloride diffusion coefficient and freeze-thaw resistance were improved by 11% and 2%, respectively, under SC compared to NC. This study evaluated the feasibility of FNS-containing concrete, and further studies should be conducted to investigate the structural performance of FNS-containing reinforced concrete via methods such as flexural, shear, splicing, and debonding experiments.

Keywords: eco-friendly; ferro-nickel slag; industrial waste; precast; steam curing.

Figure 1

Results of the adiabatic temperature rise test.

Figure 2

SEM-EDS analysis of specimens cured using different methods with varying FNS replacement ratios.

Figure 2

SEM-EDS analysis of specimens cured using different methods with varying FNS replacement ratios.

Figure 3

XRD patterns of specimens cured under different methods with varying FNS replacement ratios.

Figure 4

Compressive strength of specimens under different curing methods with varying FNS replacement ratios.

Figure 5

Split tensile strength of specimens under different curing methods with varying FNS replacement ratios.

Figure 6

Chloride migration coefficients of specimens under different curing methods at the optimal FNS replacement ratio.

Figure 7

Freeze–thaw resistance of specimens under different curing methods at the optimal FNS replacement ratio.