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. 2025 Sep 14;17(9):1239.
doi: 10.3390/v17091239.

Long-Term Nutritional Deficits and Growth Patterns in Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: Evidence from a Brazilian Cohort

Carolina Santos Souza Tavares  1 , Raquel Souza Marques  1 , Janiele de Sá Ferreira  1 , Marcela Barros Barbosa de Oliveira  1 , Monique Carla da Silva Reis  2 , Paulo Ricardo Martins-Filho  1
Affiliations

Long-Term Nutritional Deficits and Growth Patterns in Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: Evidence from a Brazilian Cohort

Carolina Santos Souza Tavares et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZVS) experience severe neurological and nutritional impairments. Although immediate clinical consequences are well-documented, long-term anthropometric and nutritional outcomes remain poorly understood. This study assessed longitudinal anthropometric and nutritional outcomes in children affected by CZVS. A cohort of 38 children aged ≥ 5 years diagnosed with CZVS was followed at a reference center in Northeast Brazil. Anthropometric measures (weight, height, BMI, head circumference) were collected using standardized methods, including digital scales and anthropometric tape measures. Growth was analyzed using WHO Anthro and WHO Anthro Plus software (version 3.2.2). Dietary intake was evaluated through two 24 h recalls and analyzed with NutWIN 2.5 software. Nutritional status was classified using WHO growth standards, and associations between dietary intake and BMI were statistically examined. Children showed significant linear growth improvement (p = 0.007) without corresponding weight gain, leading to worsening BMI classifications (p = 0.017). Dietary evaluations revealed limited dietary diversity, frequent intake of ultra-processed foods, inadequate fruit consumption, and widespread insufficiencies in caloric and micronutrient intake (zinc, calcium, iron, vitamin D). Low carbohydrate intake was significantly associated with inadequate BMI (p = 0.030). Multidisciplinary nutritional interventions addressing medical, dietary, educational, and socioeconomic factors are essential for improving health outcomes in children with CZVS.

Keywords: Congenital Zika Syndrome; Zika virus infection; growth and development; nutritional status.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Kernel density plots of Z-scores for height (a), weight (b), and body mass index (c) in children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome compared with WHO reference standards. Left panels show measurements at birth; right panels show current measurements (≥5 years). Blue curves indicate WHO reference distributions; gray curves indicate the study cohort (n = 38).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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