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. 2025 Sep 26;25(1):1151.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11588-w.

Bacterial profiling and antibiotic resistance patterns in urinary tract infections: a microbiological analysis from Dera Isamil Khan, Pakistan

Zahid Ullah  1 , Junaid Asghar  2 , Nighat Aziz  3 , Asad Ullah  4 , Amal Adnan Ashour  5 , Mohammed Fareed Felemban  5 , Ali Alqarni  5 , Syed Sikandar Shah  6 , Atifa Quddoos  7
Affiliations

Bacterial profiling and antibiotic resistance patterns in urinary tract infections: a microbiological analysis from Dera Isamil Khan, Pakistan

Zahid Ullah et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background/aim: Urinary tract infections remain one of the most common bacterial infections globally and are associated with a wide range of pathogens. This disease continues to be a significant public health concern, particularly in Pakistan and the district of Dera Ismail Khan (D.I.Khan). The current study was conducted to determine the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates from patients with Urinary Tract Infections.

Materials and methods: This study was conducted from January 2022 to November 2024 in the district of D.I.Khan. A total of 610 individuals who were referred to or visited the Pathology Department of Gomal Medical College and Jamil Medical Lab for urine culture and sensitivity testing were included. All urine specimens were collected and processed under aseptic conditions.

Results: Of the 610 individuals, 260 (42.6%) had urine cultures positive for bacteria, while 350 (57.4%) showed no significant growth. Among the 260 positive cases, 105 (40.4%) were male and 155 (59.6%) were female. The highest frequency of infection was found in the older age group (> 60 years), accounting for 60 cases (23%). Among all isolates, E. coli (59.6%) was the most prevalent pathogen. Imipenem, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin were the most effective antimicrobial agents, while all pathogens exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin.

Conclusion: This study highlights the bacterial profile and increasing antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections, underscoring the need for regular surveillance and empirical treatment strategies.

Keywords: Antibiotic susceptibility; Antimicrobial resistance; D.I.Khan; South Asia; Urinary tract infections.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Gomal Medical College (Approval No. 18/GJMS/JC). Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants. For participants under the age of 16 years, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. All methods were conducted in compliance with the relevant guidelines and regulations outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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