Introduction to cancer biology and current research trends

Abstract

Cancer is a serious illness caused by changes in the genome that lead to many mutations. These mutations can cause harmful tumor growth that impacts individuals physically and mentally. Cancer cells grow uncontrollably, spread to other body parts, change genetically, form new blood vessels, and evade detection by the immune system. They develop ways to avoid destruction by the immune system, making it important for researchers to understand these mechanisms to enhance immune responses against cancer. Treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Cancer affects cell growth and division, with any body cell being vulnerable, and many cancer cells can invade different areas. Certain factors, including diet, exposure to microbes, and environmental influences like radiation and tobacco smoke, can increase cancer risk. About 20 % of cancers are linked to microorganisms. A poor diet and lack of exercise are also associated with cancer, and a strong immune system can help fight it. Genetic factors account for 3-10 % of cases, making family history significant. Eating antioxidant-rich foods is important for prevention. While mutations contribute to tumors, they are not the only cause of cancer. Recent advancements in therapies have greatly improved cancer survival rates. Cytotoxic drugs target cancer cells that divide quickly, and new agents have improved treatment plans. A patient's overall health and disease stage influence their treatment journey. Surgery and chemotherapy have shown success, but they come with risks. Radiation therapy aims to kill cancer cells but can also harm healthy tissue. Research on nanoparticles in radiation therapy is promising. Other treatments like bone marrow transplants and cryoablation have been explored. Immunotherapy boosts the immune system's ability to combat cancer cells. The evolutionary view of cancer considers it a group of cells that mutate and adapt. This view emphasizes the role of tumor composition and environmental factors in how cancer develops. Recognizing tumor diversity is vital for creating personalized treatment plans, as it significantly affects cancer progression and treatment resistance. The way cancer cells interact with their environment, including their relationships with microorganisms, also affects their survival and growth. Understanding ecological principles may lead to new therapies and prevention methods, improving patient outcomes and survival rates.

Keywords: Cancer biology; Cancer evolution; Cancer research trends.