Elephant Movement Data Provides Insights Into Conservation Challenges and Successes in the Ruaha-Rungwa Landscape

Abstract

The African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana) is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. The Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem supports Tanzania's largest elephant population and remains a critical yet understudied stronghold for elephant conservation in East Africa. Effective conservation in this ecosystem requires understanding elephant movements across large landscapes and varying levels of disturbance. This study addressed the gap by utilizing GPS-satellite tracking of 28 elephants over a 4-year period in Tanzania's Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem. It examined their home ranges and movement patterns inside and outside protected areas and identified key elephant hotspots. The findings aim to improve conservation strategies and mitigate human-elephant conflicts through better habitat management and protection efforts. The study found no significant difference between home range estimates from Minimum Convex Polygon and Adaptive Kernel Density Estimation, with 28 collared elephants averaging 2536 km² at the 99% isopleth. Home range size varied by age and season but not by sex. Elephants moved faster at night in less protected areas during both wet and dry seasons. Population-level habitat use was similar across protection levels. Village lands in western Rungwa Game Reserve and its surrounding areas, as well as the eastern regions outside Ruaha National Park, served as key refuge sites during the wet season. Findings suggest elephants in the Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem require vast areas, with adjacent lands playing a crucial role in their survival. High elephant activity in village lands within the western Rungwa Game Reserve and Lunda-Mkwambi Game Controlled Area highlights the potential for human-elephant conflict, emphasizing the need to reopen the wildlife corridor for linking Ruaha-Rungwa and Rukwa-Katavi ecosystems. This study offered crucial insights into elephant movement and behavior in a landscape increasingly shaped by human-elephant conflict and habitat fragmentation, informing strategies for connectivity, land-use planning, and coexistence.

Keywords: GPS‐satellite technology; Ruaha–Rungwa ecosystem; elephant speed; elephants; protection levels.

FIGURE 1

Map showing the location of 30 collared elephants that occurred in November 2015 in the core Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve (indicated with “green dots”) and those collared at the edge (within 10 km from the boundary) of protected area boundaries (indicated with “red dots”).

FIGURE 2

Home range estimation between dry and wet seasons, according to the age structure of individual elephants categorized based on 50%, 95%, and 99% isopleths of all movement points.

FIGURE 3

The distribution of elephant movement speeds was recorded via satellite collars by protection level, season, and time of day.

FIGURE 4

Elephant intensity of use in the Ruaha–Rungwa ecosystem as measured by the total count of elephant individual‐season‐years utilizing a given pixel in the dry (A) and wet (B) seasons, and overall population utilization in the dry (C) and wet (D) seasons. Boundaries of high‐protection areas (Ruaha NP) are shown with solid lines, and medium‐protection areas (game reserves) are shown with dashed lines.