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. 2025 Oct 7;19(10):e0013593.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013593. eCollection 2025 Oct.

Brugia malayi and other filarial parasite species in animals in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis in Belitung District, Indonesia

Irina Diekmann  1 , Taniawati Supali  2 , Kerstin Fischer  1 , Elisa Iskandar  2 , Noviani Sugianto  2 , Yossi Destani  2 , Rahmat Alfian  2 , Gary J Weil  1 , Peter U Fischer  1
Affiliations

Brugia malayi and other filarial parasite species in animals in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis in Belitung District, Indonesia

Irina Diekmann et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Brugia malayi is the most common cause of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Indonesia. A zoophilic ecotype that infects both humans and animals occur in Belitung District in Indonesia. The district received five annual rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) between 2006 and 2010 and passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in subsequent years. However, a survey in five villages in 2021 showed a microfilaria (Mf) prevalence of 2.1% in humans. The reappearance of B. malayi infection in humans may be due to reintroduction from animal reservoirs. The goal of this study was to determine B. malayi prevalence in potential reservoir hosts and to improve the identification of filarial Mf found in animals.

Methodology/principal findings: Venous blood was collected from 291 cats, 41 dogs, and 163 crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from areas with and without human B. malayi infection. B. malayi Mf were detected by microscopy in 1.4%, 7.3% and 13.5% of the samples, respectively. The geometric mean Mf density varied from 133 Mf/mL(dogs) to 255 Mf/mL (macaques). While Brugia Mf were easily differentiated from Dirofilaria Mf by microscopy, the morphological differentiation between B. malayi and B. pahangi was not reliable. qPCR detected B. malayi DNA in blood from 4.1% of cats, 2.4% dogs, and 13.5% macaques. In addition, infections or co-infection with B. pahangi (cats, dogs) or D. immitis (dogs) were detected. A novel Dirofilaria species was morphologically identified in 20.3% of macaques.

Conclusions/significance: Microscopy was less accurate for detection and species identification of Mf than qPCR. The presence of B. malayi Mf in animals represents a challenge for the elimination of LF in some areas in Indonesia. More research is needed to better understand B. malayi transmission between animals and humans in endemic areas like Belitung where routine MDA may not be sufficient to eliminate LF.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Cage traps for macaques: (A) Cage trap type A with manual falling door.
(B) Cage trap type B with a trigger mechanism (arrow). (C) Cage trap type C with the entrance from the top.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Morphological features of a Giemsa-stained B. malayi microfilaria from a macaque and a B. pahangi microfilaria from a dog.
(A) B. malayi microfilaria from a macaque. (B) B. pahangi microfilaria from a dog, cs- cephalic space; nr-nerve ring; ec-excretory cell; ep-excretory pore; ib-inner body or “Innenkörper”; ap-anal pore; r-1,r2-4-rectal cells; stn-subterminal nuclei; tn-terminal nucleus, arrows – measurement points, scale bar 10 μm.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Microfilaria density (logarithmic scale) of different filarial species obtained from different host species.
Horizontal bars represent geometric means and error bars are 95% confidence intervals.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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