China Liver Cancer Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2024 Edition)

Jian Zhou¹, Huichuan Sun¹, Zheng Wang¹, Wenming Cong², Mengsu Zeng³, Weiping Zhou⁴, Lianxin Liu⁵, Tianfu Wen⁶, Ming Kuang⁷, Bixiang Zhang⁸, Kaishan Tao⁹, Guohong Han¹⁰, Zhiping Yan¹¹, Maoqiang Wang¹², Ruibao Liu¹³, Jinhe Guo¹⁴, Zhaochong Zeng¹⁵, Ping Liang¹⁶, Zhenggang Ren¹, Jinlin Hou¹⁷, Yanqiao Zhang¹⁸, Xiufeng Liu¹⁹, Hongming Pan²⁰, Feng Bi²¹, Changhong Liang²², Min Chen²³, Fuhua Yan²⁴, Huixiong Xu²⁵, Xiaoyan Xie²⁶, Shenghong Ju²⁷, Yuan Ji²⁸, Jingping Yun²⁹, Zengshan Li³⁰, Xueli Bai³¹, Dingfang Cai³², Weixia Chen³³, Yajin Chen³⁴, Yongjun Chen³⁵, Wenwu Cheng³⁶, Shuqun Cheng⁴, Zhi Dai¹, Chaoliu Dai³⁷, Qiang Gao¹, Rongping Guo³⁸, Wengzhi Guo³⁹, Yabing Guo⁴⁰, Baojin Hua⁴¹, Xiaowu Huang¹, Hanyu Jiang³³, Weidong Jia⁴², Qiu Li⁴³, Tao Li⁴⁴, Xiangcheng Li⁴⁵, Xun Li⁴⁶, Yaming Li⁴⁷, Yexiong Li⁴⁸, Jun Liang⁴⁹, Xiao Liang⁵⁰, Changquan Ling⁵¹, Hui Liu⁴, Tianshu Liu⁵², Shichun Lu⁵³, Guoyue Lv⁵⁴, Yilei Mao⁵⁵, Zhiqiang Meng⁵⁶, Tao Peng⁵⁷, Weixin Ren⁵⁸, Guoming Shi¹, Hongcheng Shi⁵⁹, Ming Shi³⁸, Tianqiang Song⁶⁰, Guang Tan⁶¹, Jianhua Wang¹¹, Kui Wang⁴, Lu Wang⁶², Wentao Wang⁶³, Xiaoying Wang¹, Zhiming Wang⁶⁴, Bangde Xiang⁶⁵, Jun Xia⁶⁶, Baocai Xing⁶⁷, Jianming Xu⁶⁸, Jun Xu⁶⁹, Jianyong Yang⁷⁰, Xinrong Yang¹, Yefa Yang⁷¹, Yunke Yang³², Xiaohong Yao⁷², Zhenyu Yin⁷³, Zhengang Yuan⁷⁴, Yongyi Zeng⁷⁵, Yong Zeng⁷, Boheng Zhang¹, Leida Zhang⁷⁶, Shuijun Zhang³⁹, Ti Zhang⁶², Zhiwei Zhang⁷⁷, Ming Zhao⁷⁸, Yongfu Zhao³⁹, Honggang Zheng⁷⁹, Ledu Zhou⁸⁰, Jiye Zhu⁸¹, Kangshun Zhu⁸², Yinghong Shi¹, Rong Liu¹¹, Lan Zhang¹, Yongsheng Xiao¹, Chun Yang³, Zhifeng Wu¹⁵, Zhengbin Ding¹, Xiaodong Zhu¹, Zheng Tang¹, Xiaoyong Huang¹, Hong Han²⁵, Hong Wu⁶, Minshan Chen³⁸, Weilin Wang⁸³, Qiang Li⁸⁴, Jianqiang Cai⁸⁵, Feng Shen⁴, Xiujun Cai⁵⁰, Shukui Qin⁸⁶, Gaojun Teng⁸⁷, Jia Fan¹

Affiliations

¹ Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
² Department of Pathology, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
³ Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴ Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
⁶ Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
⁷ Center of Hepato-Pancreate-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
⁸ Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁹ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
¹⁰ Department of Liver Diseases and Digestive Interventional Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
¹¹ Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹² Department of Interventional Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
¹³ Department of Interventional Radiology, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
¹⁴ Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
¹⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁶ Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
¹⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁸ Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
¹⁹ Department of Medical Oncology, PLA Cancer Center, Nanjing Bayi Hospital, Nanjing, China.
²⁰ Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
²¹ Department of Abdominal Tumors, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
²² Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
²³ Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
²⁴ Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
²⁵ Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
²⁶ Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁷ Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
²⁸ Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
²⁹ Department of Pathology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
³⁰ Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an, China.
³¹ Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
³² Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
³³ Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
³⁴ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
³⁵ Department of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁶ Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
³⁷ Department of Hepatobiliary and Spleeny Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
³⁸ Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
³⁹ Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
⁴⁰ Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
⁴¹ Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
⁴² Department of Hepatic Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
⁴³ Department of Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁴⁴ Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
⁴⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
⁴⁶ Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
⁴⁷ Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
⁴⁸ Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
⁴⁹ Department of Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁵⁰ Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁵¹ Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁵² Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁵³ Institute and Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁵⁴ Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
⁵⁵ Department of Hepatic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁵⁶ Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁵⁷ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
⁵⁸ Department of Interventional Radiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
⁵⁹ Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁶⁰ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
⁶¹ Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
⁶² Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁶³ Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁶⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
⁶⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
⁶⁶ GRADE Center, The University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, China.
⁶⁷ Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
⁶⁸ Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
⁷⁰ Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
⁷¹ Department of Hepatic Surgery and Interventional Radiology, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁷² Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
⁷³ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
⁷⁴ Department of Oncology, the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁷⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
⁷⁶ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
⁷⁷ Hepatic Surgery Centre at Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁷⁸ Minimally Invasive Interventional Division, Liver Cancer Group, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
⁷⁹ Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁸⁰ Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
⁸¹ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁸² Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
⁸³ Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁸⁴ Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
⁸⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
⁸⁶ Nanjing Tianyinshan Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
⁸⁷ Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

PMID: 41063733
PMCID: PMC12503762
DOI: 10.1159/000546574

China Liver Cancer Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2024 Edition)

Jian Zhou et al. Liver Cancer. 2025.

. 2025 Jul 10.

doi: 10.1159/000546574. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
² Department of Pathology, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
³ Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴ Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
⁶ Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
⁷ Center of Hepato-Pancreate-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
⁸ Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁹ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
¹⁰ Department of Liver Diseases and Digestive Interventional Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
¹¹ Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹² Department of Interventional Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
¹³ Department of Interventional Radiology, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
¹⁴ Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
¹⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁶ Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
¹⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁸ Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
¹⁹ Department of Medical Oncology, PLA Cancer Center, Nanjing Bayi Hospital, Nanjing, China.
²⁰ Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
²¹ Department of Abdominal Tumors, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
²² Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
²³ Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
²⁴ Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
²⁵ Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
²⁶ Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁷ Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
²⁸ Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
²⁹ Department of Pathology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
³⁰ Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an, China.
³¹ Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
³² Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
³³ Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
³⁴ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
³⁵ Department of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁶ Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
³⁷ Department of Hepatobiliary and Spleeny Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
³⁸ Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
³⁹ Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
⁴⁰ Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
⁴¹ Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
⁴² Department of Hepatic Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
⁴³ Department of Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁴⁴ Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
⁴⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
⁴⁶ Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
⁴⁷ Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
⁴⁸ Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
⁴⁹ Department of Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁵⁰ Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁵¹ Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁵² Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁵³ Institute and Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁵⁴ Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
⁵⁵ Department of Hepatic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁵⁶ Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁵⁷ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
⁵⁸ Department of Interventional Radiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
⁵⁹ Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁶⁰ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
⁶¹ Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
⁶² Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁶³ Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁶⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
⁶⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
⁶⁶ GRADE Center, The University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, China.
⁶⁷ Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
⁶⁸ Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
⁷⁰ Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
⁷¹ Department of Hepatic Surgery and Interventional Radiology, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁷² Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
⁷³ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
⁷⁴ Department of Oncology, the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
⁷⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
⁷⁶ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
⁷⁷ Hepatic Surgery Centre at Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁷⁸ Minimally Invasive Interventional Division, Liver Cancer Group, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
⁷⁹ Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁸⁰ Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
⁸¹ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁸² Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
⁸³ Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁸⁴ Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
⁸⁵ Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
⁸⁶ Nanjing Tianyinshan Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
⁸⁷ Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

PMID: 41063733
PMCID: PMC12503762
DOI: 10.1159/000546574

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for approximately 75-85% of primary liver cancers, ranks 4th in newly diagnosed cases among various types of cancer in China, and is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related mortality, thereby posing a significant threat to the life and health of the Chinese population. Since the publication of the "Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer in China" in June 2017, which were updated by the China's National Health Commission in December 2019 and December 2021, additional high-quality evidence from researchers worldwide regarding the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of HCC has emerged, necessitating another update to the guidelines. The new edition (2024 Edition) was written by more than 120 multidisciplinary experts in the field of HCC in China, which not only reflects the real-world situation in China but also may reshape the nationwide diagnosis and treatment of HCC. The new guideline aims to encourage the implementation of evidence-based practice and improve the national average 5-year survival rate for patients with HCC, as proposed in the "Healthy China 2030: A Vision for Health Care."

Keywords: China; Diagnosis; Guidelines; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Treatment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

**Fig. 1.**
Schematic diagram of the recommended baseline specimen sampling protocol for liver tumors. A, B, C, and D indicators denote the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o’clock positions, respectively, along the boundary between cancer and adjacent nonneoplastic liver tissue; E, tumor area; F, proximal nonneoplastic adjacent liver tissue; G, distal nonneoplastic adjacent liver tissue.

**Fig. 2.**
Pathological grading criteria for microvascular invasion (MVI).

**Fig. 3.**
Diagnostic pathway for the diagnosis of HCC. Typical presentation: significant enhancement of the lesion in the arterial phase (late major arterial phase), accompanied by decreased enhancement during the portal venous, delayed or migratory phases in a “wash-in, wash-out” pattern. Atypical presentation: absence of lesion enhancement in the arterial phase, lack of clearance during the portal venous, delayed or migratory phases, or even persistent enhancement, etc. Hematological molecular markers include serum AFP, DCP, and a combination of seven microRNAs. AFP (+): serum AFP test exceeding normal value. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; US, ultrasound; CEUS, contrast-enhanced ultrasound; EOB-MRI, MRI scans enhanced with the hepatocyte-specific agent gadolinium ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA).

**Fig. 4.**
CNLC staging and treatment pathway for HCC. Systemic antitumor therapy includes first-line and second-line therapy. First-line therapy: atezolizumab+bevacizumab, sintilimab+a bevacizumab biosimilar, apatinib+camrelizumab, donafenib, lenvatinib, tislelizumab, sorafenib, and FOLFOX4. Second-line therapy: regorafenib, apatinib, ramucirumab (serum AFP level ≥400 μg/L), pembrolizumab, camrelizumab, tislelizumab. CNLC, China liver cancer; MDT, multidisciplinary team; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

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China Liver Cancer Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2024 Edition)

Affiliations

China Liver Cancer Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2024 Edition)

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources