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. 2025 Oct 9.
doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000011974. Online ahead of print.

Pharyngeal Arches, Chapter 3: Craniofacial Syndromes

Nicole C Episalla  1 , Athena Zhang  1 , Esperanza Mantilla-Rivas  1 , Natasha E Shur  2 , Haley S Oh  1 , Maria C Barrera  1 , Albert K Oh  1 , Jason Sentosa  1 , Michael J Boyajian  1 , Gary F Rogers  1
Affiliations

Pharyngeal Arches, Chapter 3: Craniofacial Syndromes

Nicole C Episalla et al. J Craniofac Surg. .

Abstract

Pharyngeal arch development is complex and can result in a wide range of unique head and neck anomalies. Understanding the developmental processes and the related pathoanatomy is essential for clinicians who manage affected patients. This manuscript is the third in a 4-part educational series for plastic surgeons focusing on normal and abnormal pharyngeal arch development. A summary of the etiology and clinical features of each syndrome covered in this manuscript is provided in the Supplemental Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCS/I489 for quick reference.

Keywords: Congenital anomalies; Robin sequence; craniofacial syndromes; pharyngeal arches.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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