Mapping Hydrogen Migration Thresholds for Site-Specific HDX-MS

Abstract

A longstanding limitation of Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) has been the difficulty to accurately measure amide exchange with single amide resolution. Excitation of peptides or proteins either during ionization, ion transmission, or collisional activation rapidly induces intermolecular hydrogen migration, leading to a loss of the deuterium-labeled state; a term commonly known as 'scrambling'. Electron-based fragmentation methods in conjunction with gentle ion transmission settings can minimize scrambling, but often not completely. Levels of scrambling have been shown to vary with ion transmission settings, peptide charge, and size, but the general properties that govern the susceptibility of peptides to scrambling are not well understood. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether scrambling is generally a global process, or if local scrambling networks commonly exist within peptides. Here we examine a panel of peptides using gentle electron transfer dissociation and map the activation thresholds of scrambling to define a relationship between peptide charge density and scrambling propensity. This study suggests that by and large, the scrambling process has a single activation threshold and involves all exchangeable sites within a peptide. For some peptides the activation energy required for scrambling is surprisingly close to that of amide bond dissociation.