Modification Procedures for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the PROGRESS-CTO Registry

Eleni Kladou¹, Dimitrios Strepkos¹, Michaella Alexandrou¹, Deniz Mutlu¹, Pedro E P Carvalho¹, Jaskanwal Deep Singh Sara¹, Ozgur Selim Ser¹, Khaldoon Alaswad², Mir B Basir², Dmitrii Khelimskii³, Farouc A Jaffer⁴, Nidal Abi Rafeh⁵, Raj Chandwaney⁶, Cihan Cevik⁷, Yousif Ahmad⁸, Olga Mastrodemos¹, Bavana V Rangan¹, Sandeep Jalli¹, Konstantinos Voudris¹, Yader Sandoval¹, M Nicholas Burke¹, Emmanouil S Brilakis¹; PROGRESS‐CTO Investigators

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

PROGRESS‐CTO Investigators:
Shuaib Abdullah⁹, Sakir Arslan¹⁰, Khaldoon Alaswad¹¹, Karim Al-Azizi¹², Ziad A Ali¹³, Bulent Behlul Altunkeser¹⁴, Waqar Ahmed¹⁵, Ibtihal Al Amri¹⁶, Yousif Ahmad¹⁷, Nazif Aygul¹⁴, Lorenzo Azzalini¹⁸, Subhash Banerjee⁹, Emmanouil S Brilakis¹⁹, Keith H Benzuly²⁰, Stewart Benton Jr²¹, M Nicholas Burke¹⁹, Mir B Basir¹¹, James W Choi²², Jaidip Chakravartti²³, Cihan Cevik⁷, Larry Van-Thomas Crisco²⁴, Raj H Chandwaney⁶, Rhian Davies²¹, Altug Cincin²⁵, Ahmed M ElGuindy²⁶, Anthony H Doing²⁷, Ali Amine El Sayed²⁸, Phil Dattilo²⁷, Jarrod Frizzell²⁹, Basem Elbarouni³⁰, Omer Goktekin³¹, James D Flaherty²⁰, J Aaron Grantham³², Farshad Forouzandeh³³, David Garcia-Labbe³⁴, Santiago Garcia¹⁹, Matt Grove³⁵, Sevket Gorgulu³⁶, Wissam Jaber³⁷, Elias V Haddad³⁸, Fadi Abou Jaoudeh³⁹, Farouc Jaffer⁴⁰, J Wouter Jukema¹⁶, Brian Jefferson⁴¹, Yasser Jamil¹⁷, Kathleen E Kearney¹⁸, Nihat Kalay⁴², David E Kandzari⁴³, Kadriye Orta Kilickesmez⁴⁴, Ismail Dogu Kilic⁴⁵, Dmitrii Khelimskii³, Jimmy L Kerrigan³⁸, Alex R Kirby³⁵, Dimitri Karmpaliotis⁴⁶, Athanasios Kolyviras⁴⁷, Jaikirshan J Khatri⁴⁸, Michael J Kourany⁴⁹, Georges Khoueiry⁵, Oleg Krestyaninov³, Ajay J Kirtane⁵⁰, Zenon S Kyriakides⁵¹, Cuneyt Kocas⁵², Arun Kalyanasundaram⁵³, Nicholas Lembo⁵⁰, Faisal Latif⁵⁴, William L Lombardi⁵⁵, Anton Lishmanov²⁴, Michael P Love³⁰, Bilal A Malik⁵⁶, Ehtisham Mahmud⁵⁷, Owen Mogabgab⁵⁸, Henry Meltser⁵⁹, Belal Al Khiami³⁴, Jeffrey W Moses⁶⁰, Jose M Montero Cabezas⁵⁰, Charles Orr⁴⁹, Husam Noor³⁹, Manish A Parikh⁵⁰, Ramazan Ozdemir⁶¹, Taral Patel⁴¹, Jean-Michel Paradis³⁴, Paul Poommipanit³³, Ashish Pershad⁶², Colin T Phillips²³, Srinivasa Potluri⁶³, Nidal Abi Rafeh⁵, Leah M Raj⁶⁴, Niranjan Reddy⁶⁵, Joel P Reginelli⁶⁶, Robert Riley⁶⁷, Alpesh R Shah⁶⁸, Daniel R Schimmel Jr²⁰, Habib Samady⁶⁹, Ahmad Samir⁷⁰, Yasser Sadek⁷¹, Charles A Shoultz Jr⁷², Raouf Mahmoud Shaaban⁷³, Richard H Sohn⁷⁴, Korhan Soylu⁷⁵, Abdul M Sheikh⁷⁶, Aj Conrad Smith⁷⁷, Jayakumar Sreenivasan¹⁷, Catalin Toma⁷⁷, Mustafa Kürşat Tigen²⁵, Hector Tamez⁷⁸, Vaios Tzifos⁴⁷, Barry Uretsky⁷⁹, Mahmut Uluganyan⁶⁰, R Michael Wyman⁸⁰, Yiannis Tsiafoutis⁵¹, Robert W Yeh⁷⁸, Jason R Wollmuth⁷⁴, Ufuk Yildirim⁷⁵, Michael A Wilson⁷⁴

Affiliations

¹ Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
² Henry Ford Cardiovascular Division, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
³ Meshalkin Novosibirsk Research Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia.
⁴ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵ North Oaks Health System, Hammond, Louisiana, USA.
⁶ Oklahoma Heart Institute, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
⁷ UC Health Memorial Hospital, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
⁸ University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁹ Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
¹⁰ Saglik Bilimleri University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹¹ Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
¹² Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, Texas, USA.
¹³ St. Francis Hospital & Heart Center, Roslyn, New York, USA.
¹⁴ Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
¹⁵ King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁶ Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁷ Yale University/Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁸ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁹ Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
²⁰ Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²¹ WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania, USA.
²² Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA.
²³ Maine Health Cardiology/Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, USA.
²⁴ Memorial Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
²⁵ Marmara University School of Medicine, Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Kaynarca, Turkey.
²⁶ Aswan Heart Center, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt.
²⁷ Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland, Colorado, USA.
²⁸ Al Zahra Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
²⁹ St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
³⁰ St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
³¹ Memorial Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
³² St. Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
³³ University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
³⁴ Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada.
³⁵ Carolina East Heart Center, New Bern, North Carolina, USA.
³⁶ Acibadem Kocaeli Hospital, Izmit, Turkey.
³⁷ Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ Saint Thomas Heart Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁹ St. George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁴⁰ Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴¹ Tristar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
⁴² Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
⁴³ Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁴⁴ Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁴⁵ Pammukale University, Denizli, Turkey.
⁴⁶ Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA.
⁴⁷ Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece.
⁴⁸ Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁴⁹ St Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
⁵⁰ Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
⁵¹ Red Cross Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁵² Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁵³ The Promed Hospital, Chennai, India.
⁵⁴ Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
⁵⁵ University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁵⁶ Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
⁵⁷ UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵⁸ Tulane Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
⁵⁹ Trinity Medical WNY, Buffalo, New York, USA.
⁶⁰ University of California San Diego (UCSD)/San Diego VA Medical Center (SDVA), San Diego, California, USA.
⁶¹ Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁶² Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
⁶³ The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, Texas, USA.
⁶⁴ Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
⁶⁵ Kettering Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
⁶⁶ The Christ Hospital-Ohio Heart & Vascular, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁶⁷ Overlake Medical Center, Bellevue, Washington, USA.
⁶⁸ Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
⁶⁹ Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, USA.
⁷⁰ Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt.
⁷¹ National Heart Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷² Providence Health Center, Waco, Texas, USA.
⁷³ Dar Al Fouad Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷⁴ Providence Heart Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁷⁵ Ondokuz Mayis University Medical Faculty, Samsun, Turkey.
⁷⁶ Wellstar Health System, Marietta, Georgia, USA.
⁷⁷ UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁸ Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷⁹ Central Arkansas Veterans Health System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
⁸⁰ Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.

PMID: 41077705
DOI: 10.1002/ccd.70228

Observational Study

Modification Procedures for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the PROGRESS-CTO Registry

Eleni Kladou et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2025 Dec.

. 2025 Dec;106(7):3628-3639.

doi: 10.1002/ccd.70228. Epub 2025 Oct 12.

Authors

Collaborators

PROGRESS‐CTO Investigators:
Shuaib Abdullah⁹, Sakir Arslan¹⁰, Khaldoon Alaswad¹¹, Karim Al-Azizi¹², Ziad A Ali¹³, Bulent Behlul Altunkeser¹⁴, Waqar Ahmed¹⁵, Ibtihal Al Amri¹⁶, Yousif Ahmad¹⁷, Nazif Aygul¹⁴, Lorenzo Azzalini¹⁸, Subhash Banerjee⁹, Emmanouil S Brilakis¹⁹, Keith H Benzuly²⁰, Stewart Benton Jr²¹, M Nicholas Burke¹⁹, Mir B Basir¹¹, James W Choi²², Jaidip Chakravartti²³, Cihan Cevik⁷, Larry Van-Thomas Crisco²⁴, Raj H Chandwaney⁶, Rhian Davies²¹, Altug Cincin²⁵, Ahmed M ElGuindy²⁶, Anthony H Doing²⁷, Ali Amine El Sayed²⁸, Phil Dattilo²⁷, Jarrod Frizzell²⁹, Basem Elbarouni³⁰, Omer Goktekin³¹, James D Flaherty²⁰, J Aaron Grantham³², Farshad Forouzandeh³³, David Garcia-Labbe³⁴, Santiago Garcia¹⁹, Matt Grove³⁵, Sevket Gorgulu³⁶, Wissam Jaber³⁷, Elias V Haddad³⁸, Fadi Abou Jaoudeh³⁹, Farouc Jaffer⁴⁰, J Wouter Jukema¹⁶, Brian Jefferson⁴¹, Yasser Jamil¹⁷, Kathleen E Kearney¹⁸, Nihat Kalay⁴², David E Kandzari⁴³, Kadriye Orta Kilickesmez⁴⁴, Ismail Dogu Kilic⁴⁵, Dmitrii Khelimskii³, Jimmy L Kerrigan³⁸, Alex R Kirby³⁵, Dimitri Karmpaliotis⁴⁶, Athanasios Kolyviras⁴⁷, Jaikirshan J Khatri⁴⁸, Michael J Kourany⁴⁹, Georges Khoueiry⁵, Oleg Krestyaninov³, Ajay J Kirtane⁵⁰, Zenon S Kyriakides⁵¹, Cuneyt Kocas⁵², Arun Kalyanasundaram⁵³, Nicholas Lembo⁵⁰, Faisal Latif⁵⁴, William L Lombardi⁵⁵, Anton Lishmanov²⁴, Michael P Love³⁰, Bilal A Malik⁵⁶, Ehtisham Mahmud⁵⁷, Owen Mogabgab⁵⁸, Henry Meltser⁵⁹, Belal Al Khiami³⁴, Jeffrey W Moses⁶⁰, Jose M Montero Cabezas⁵⁰, Charles Orr⁴⁹, Husam Noor³⁹, Manish A Parikh⁵⁰, Ramazan Ozdemir⁶¹, Taral Patel⁴¹, Jean-Michel Paradis³⁴, Paul Poommipanit³³, Ashish Pershad⁶², Colin T Phillips²³, Srinivasa Potluri⁶³, Nidal Abi Rafeh⁵, Leah M Raj⁶⁴, Niranjan Reddy⁶⁵, Joel P Reginelli⁶⁶, Robert Riley⁶⁷, Alpesh R Shah⁶⁸, Daniel R Schimmel Jr²⁰, Habib Samady⁶⁹, Ahmad Samir⁷⁰, Yasser Sadek⁷¹, Charles A Shoultz Jr⁷², Raouf Mahmoud Shaaban⁷³, Richard H Sohn⁷⁴, Korhan Soylu⁷⁵, Abdul M Sheikh⁷⁶, Aj Conrad Smith⁷⁷, Jayakumar Sreenivasan¹⁷, Catalin Toma⁷⁷, Mustafa Kürşat Tigen²⁵, Hector Tamez⁷⁸, Vaios Tzifos⁴⁷, Barry Uretsky⁷⁹, Mahmut Uluganyan⁶⁰, R Michael Wyman⁸⁰, Yiannis Tsiafoutis⁵¹, Robert W Yeh⁷⁸, Jason R Wollmuth⁷⁴, Ufuk Yildirim⁷⁵, Michael A Wilson⁷⁴

Affiliations

¹ Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
² Henry Ford Cardiovascular Division, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
³ Meshalkin Novosibirsk Research Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia.
⁴ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵ North Oaks Health System, Hammond, Louisiana, USA.
⁶ Oklahoma Heart Institute, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
⁷ UC Health Memorial Hospital, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
⁸ University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁹ Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
¹⁰ Saglik Bilimleri University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹¹ Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
¹² Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, Texas, USA.
¹³ St. Francis Hospital & Heart Center, Roslyn, New York, USA.
¹⁴ Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
¹⁵ King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁶ Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁷ Yale University/Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁸ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁹ Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
²⁰ Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²¹ WellSpan York Hospital, York, Pennsylvania, USA.
²² Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA.
²³ Maine Health Cardiology/Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, USA.
²⁴ Memorial Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
²⁵ Marmara University School of Medicine, Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Kaynarca, Turkey.
²⁶ Aswan Heart Center, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt.
²⁷ Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland, Colorado, USA.
²⁸ Al Zahra Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
²⁹ St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
³⁰ St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
³¹ Memorial Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
³² St. Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
³³ University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
³⁴ Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Canada.
³⁵ Carolina East Heart Center, New Bern, North Carolina, USA.
³⁶ Acibadem Kocaeli Hospital, Izmit, Turkey.
³⁷ Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ Saint Thomas Heart Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁹ St. George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁴⁰ Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴¹ Tristar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
⁴² Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
⁴³ Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁴⁴ Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁴⁵ Pammukale University, Denizli, Turkey.
⁴⁶ Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA.
⁴⁷ Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece.
⁴⁸ Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁴⁹ St Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
⁵⁰ Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
⁵¹ Red Cross Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁵² Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁵³ The Promed Hospital, Chennai, India.
⁵⁴ Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
⁵⁵ University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁵⁶ Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
⁵⁷ UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵⁸ Tulane Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
⁵⁹ Trinity Medical WNY, Buffalo, New York, USA.
⁶⁰ University of California San Diego (UCSD)/San Diego VA Medical Center (SDVA), San Diego, California, USA.
⁶¹ Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁶² Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
⁶³ The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, Texas, USA.
⁶⁴ Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
⁶⁵ Kettering Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
⁶⁶ The Christ Hospital-Ohio Heart & Vascular, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁶⁷ Overlake Medical Center, Bellevue, Washington, USA.
⁶⁸ Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
⁶⁹ Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, USA.
⁷⁰ Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt.
⁷¹ National Heart Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷² Providence Health Center, Waco, Texas, USA.
⁷³ Dar Al Fouad Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷⁴ Providence Heart Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁷⁵ Ondokuz Mayis University Medical Faculty, Samsun, Turkey.
⁷⁶ Wellstar Health System, Marietta, Georgia, USA.
⁷⁷ UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁸ Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷⁹ Central Arkansas Veterans Health System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
⁸⁰ Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.

PMID: 41077705
DOI: 10.1002/ccd.70228

Abstract

Background: CTO-ARC (Chronic Total Occlusion Academic Research Consortium) defines CTO modification procedures (previously called investment procedures) as intentional balloon dilatation (diameter ≥ 2.0 mm) of the entire CTO, including the proximal and distal caps and the CTO body.

Aims: The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of repeat CTO PCI between patients who underwent lesion modification during the initial failed procedure and those who did not.

Methods: We analyzed the association of CTO modification with the baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics and outcomes of 2829 patients, with a total of 2869 CTOs who underwent CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after a previously failed attempt.

Results: CTO modification was performed in 600 of 2869 CTOs (20.9%) that underwent a repeat PCI attempt. CTOs that underwent modification had a higher prevalence of blunt/no stump (63.9% vs. 54.5%, p < 0.001), moderate/severe calcification (59.4% vs. 48.5%, p < 0.001), and moderate/severe proximal tortuosity (43.6% vs. 30.4%, p < 0.001). They also had longer length (38 vs. 31 mm, p < 0.001) and higher J-CTO (3.69 vs. 3.21, p < 0.001) score. There was no statistically significant difference in technical (84.1% vs. 85.4%, p = 0.478) or procedural (82.7% vs. 84.2%, p = 0.403) success or major adverse cardiac events (MACE, 1.7% vs. 1.8%, p = 1.0) between the modification and no modification groups. Similarly, among patients who underwent CTO modification, there were no significant differences in outcomes between early ( < 60 days) and late ( ≥ 60 days) reattempts after the initial failure. Technical success was significantly higher after subintimal tracking and re-entry (STAR) than subintimal plaque modification (SPM) (82.5% vs. 60.0%, p = 0.028).

Conclusions: CTO modification procedures were performed in approximately one of five CTO PCIs during the initial failed procedure. During reattempt CTO PCI, despite higher lesion complexity, CTO modification was associated with similar technical and procedural success and MACE compared to patients undergoing reattempt CTO PCI without prior CTO modification. Among modification techniques, STAR was associated with higher technical and procedural success than SPM.

Keywords: chronic total occlusion; modification procedure; percutaneous coronary intervention.

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References

1. E. S. Brilakis, Y. Sandoval, L. Azzalini, et al., “Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Present and Future,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 18, no. 6 (2025): e014801.
1. L. F. Ybarra, S. Rinfret, E. S. Brilakis, et al., “Definitions and Clinical Trial Design Principles for Coronary Artery Chronic Total Occlusion Therapies: CTO‐ARC Consensus Recommendations,” Circulation 143 (2021): 479–500.
1. A. Øksnes, E. Skaar, B. Engan, et al., “Effectiveness, Safety, and Patient Reported Outcomes of a Planned Investment Procedure in Higher‐Risk Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Rationale and Design of the Invest‐CTO Study,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 102 (2023): 71–79.
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Modification Procedures for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the PROGRESS-CTO Registry

Collaborators

Affiliations

Modification Procedures for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the PROGRESS-CTO Registry

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous