The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative provides a cohort for large-scale studies

Hsin-Chou Yang^#^{1

2}, Pui-Yan Kwok^#^{3

4}, Ling-Hui Li^#⁵, Yi-Min Liu^#⁵, Yuh-Jyh Jong^#^{6

7

8}, Kang-Yun Lee^#^{9

10}, Da-Wei Wang¹¹, Ming-Fang Tsai⁵, Jenn-Hwai Yang¹², Chien-Hsiun Chen⁵, Erh-Chan Yeh⁵, Chun-Yu Wei^{5

13}, Cathy S-J Fann⁵, Yen-Tsung Huang^{12

14

15}, Chia-Wei Chen¹², Yi-Ju Lee¹², Shih-Kai Chu^{12

16}, Chih-Hsing Ho¹⁷, Cheng-Shin Yang⁵, Yungling Leo Lee⁵, Hung-Hsin Chen⁵, Ming-Chih Hou¹⁸, Jeng-Fong Chiou^{19

20}, Shun-Fa Yang^{21

22}, Chih-Hung Wang^{23

24}, Chih-Yang Huang^{25

26}, Kuan-Ming Chiu^{27

28}, Ming Chen²⁹, Fu-Tien Chiang^{30

31}, Sing-Lian Lee³², Shiou-Sheng Chen^{33

34

35}, Wei-Jen Yao³⁶, Chih-Cheng Chien^{37

38}, Shih-Yao Lin^{39

40}, Fu-Pang Chang³⁹, Hsiang-Ling Ho^{39

41}, Yi-Chen Yeh^{39

40}, Wei-Cheng Tseng^{42

43

44}, Ming-Hwai Lin⁴⁵, Hsiao-Ting Chang^{43

45}, Ling-Ming Tseng^{40

46

47}, Wen-Yih Liang³⁹, Paul Chih-Hsueh Chen³⁹, Jen-Fan Hang^{39

40

48}, Shih-Chieh Lin³⁹, Yu-Jiun Chan^{39

49

50}, Ying-Ju Kuo³⁹, Lei-Chi Wang^{39

40}, Chin-Chen Pan³⁹, Yu-Cheng Hsieh^{48

51

52}, Yi-Ming Chen^{51

52}, Tzu-Hung Hsiao⁵¹, Ching-Heng Lin⁵¹, Yen-Ju Chen⁵¹, I-Chieh Chen⁵¹, Chien-Lin Mao⁵¹, Shu-Jung Chang⁵¹, Yen-Lin Chang⁵³, Yi-Ju Liao⁵³, Chih-Hung Lai⁵⁴, Wei-Ju Lee^{52

55}, Hsin Tung^{52

55}, Ting-Ting Yen⁵⁶, Hsin-Chien Yen⁵⁷, Chun-Ming Shih^{9

58

59}, Teh-Ying Chou^{60

61}, Tsan-Hon Liou^{62

63}, Chen-Yuan Chiang^{64

65}, Yih-Giun Cherng^{66

67}, Chih-Hwa Chen^{68

69

70}, Chao-Hua Chiu^{9

71}, Sung-Hui Tseng^{70

72}, Emily Pei-Ying Lin^{71

73

74}, Ying-Ju Chen⁵, Hui-Ping Chuang⁵, Tsai-Chuan Chen⁵, Wei-Ting Huang⁵, Joey Sin⁵, I-Ling Liu⁵, Yi-Chen Chen⁵, Kuo-Kuang Chao⁵, Yu-Min Wu⁵, Pin-Pin Yu⁵, Lung-Pao Chang⁵, Kuei-Yao Yen⁵, Li-Ching Chang⁵, Yi-Jing Sheen^{75

76

77}, Yuan-Tsong Chen⁵, Kamhon Kan⁷⁸, Hsiang-Lin Tsai⁷⁹, Yao-Kuang Wang^{80

81}, Ming-Feng Hou⁸², Yuan-Han Yang⁸³, Chao-Hung Kuo^{81

84}, Wen-Jeng Wu⁸⁵, Jee-Fu Huang^{86

87

88}, Inn-Wen Chong^{8

89}, Jong-Rung Tsai^{90

91}, Cheng-Yu Lin⁹², Ming-Chin Yu⁹³, Tsong-Hai Lee^{94

95}, Meng-Han Tsai^{96

97}, Yu-Che Ou⁹⁸, Pin-Yuan Chen^{96

99}, Tsung-Hui Hu^{100

101}, Yu-Chiau Shyu^{102

103}, Chih-Kuang Cheng^{48

104}, Yu-Jen Fang^{105

106}, Song-Chou Hsieh¹⁰⁷, Chien-Hung Chen^{105

108

109}, Chieh-Chang Chen^{110

111}, Ko-Jen Li¹⁰⁷, Chin-Hsien Lin¹¹², Hsien-Yi Chiu¹¹³, Chen-Chi Wu¹¹³, Chun-Yen Chen¹¹⁴, Shi-Jye Chu¹¹⁵, Feng-Cheng Liu¹¹⁵, Fu-Chi Yang¹¹⁶, Hsin-An Chang¹¹⁴, Wei-Liang Chen¹¹⁷, Sung-Sen Yang¹¹⁸, Yueh-Feng Sung¹¹⁶, Tso-Fu Wang^{119

120}, Shinn-Zong Lin^{121

122}, Yen-Wen Wu^{40

123

124}, Chien-Sheng Wu^{125

126}, Ju-Ying Jiang¹²⁷, Gwo-Chin Ma²⁹, Ting-Yu Chang²⁹, Juey-Jen Hwang^{30

31}, Kuo-Jang Kao¹²⁸, Chen-Fang Hung¹²⁸, Ting-Fang Chiu^{129

130

131}, Po-Yueh Chen^{132

133}, Kochung Tsui^{37

134

135}, Ming-Shiang Wu^{105

108}, See-Tong Pang^{96

136}, Shih-Ann Chen^{77

137

138}, Wei-Ming Chen¹³⁹, Chun-Houh Chen¹², Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu^{75

140

141}, Jer-Yuarn Wu¹⁴²

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. hsinchou@stat.sinica.edu.tw.
² Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. hsinchou@stat.sinica.edu.tw.
³ Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Pui.Kwok@ucsf.edu.
⁴ Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Human Genetics, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Pui.Kwok@ucsf.edu.
⁵ Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁷ Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸ Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰ Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹ Institute of Information Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹² Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³ Core Laboratory of Neoantigen Analysis for Personalized Cancer Vaccine, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁴ Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁵ Department of Mathematics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁶ Department of Statistics, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁷ Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁸ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁹ Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁰ Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
²¹ Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
²² Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
²³ Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁴ Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
²⁵ Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
²⁶ Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.
²⁷ Superintendent, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
²⁸ Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
²⁹ Department of Genomic Medicine and Center for Medical Genetics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
³⁰ Department of Cardiology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
³¹ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
³² Department of Internal Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
³³ Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Ren Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁴ University of Taipei, General Education Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁵ Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁶ Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
³⁷ School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
³⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁰ School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴¹ Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴² Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴³ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁴ Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
⁴⁵ Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁶ Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁷ Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁹ Center for Infection Control, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵⁰ Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵¹ Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵² Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵³ Department of Pharmacy, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁴ Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁵ Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁶ Department of Otolaryngology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁷ Division of Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁸ Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵⁹ Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁰ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶¹ Department of Pathology and Precision Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶² Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶³ Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁴ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁵ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁷ Division of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁸ Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁹ School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁰ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷¹ Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷² Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷³ Department of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School and College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁴ Precision Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁵ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁷⁶ Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁷ Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁷⁸ Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁹ Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁰ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸¹ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸² Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸³ Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁴ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁵ Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁶ Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁷ College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁸ Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁹ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹¹ Division of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹² Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹³ Department of Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation) and Chang Gung University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹⁵ College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹⁶ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹⁸ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
⁹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁰ Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
¹⁰¹ Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
¹⁰² Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan.
¹⁰³ Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Yun-Lin, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁷ Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁸ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁰ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹¹ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹² Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹³ Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
¹¹⁴ Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁵ Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁶ Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁷ Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁸ Nephrology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁹ Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²⁰ School of Medicine Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²² Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²³ Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁴ Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
¹²⁵ Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁶ School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁷ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁸ Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹²⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁰ Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³¹ Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹³² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
¹³³ Clinical Trial Center, Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
¹³⁴ Cathay General Hospital Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁵ Cathay General Hospital Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁶ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
¹³⁷ Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
¹³⁸ Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁹ Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁴⁰ Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
¹⁴¹ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁴² Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. jywu@ibms.sinica.edu.tw.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 41092961
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09680-x

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative provides a cohort for large-scale studies

Hsin-Chou Yang et al. Nature. 2025.

. 2025 Oct 15.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09680-x. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. hsinchou@stat.sinica.edu.tw.
² Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. hsinchou@stat.sinica.edu.tw.
³ Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Pui.Kwok@ucsf.edu.
⁴ Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Human Genetics, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Pui.Kwok@ucsf.edu.
⁵ Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁷ Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸ Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰ Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹ Institute of Information Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹² Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³ Core Laboratory of Neoantigen Analysis for Personalized Cancer Vaccine, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁴ Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁵ Department of Mathematics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁶ Department of Statistics, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁷ Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁸ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁹ Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁰ Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
²¹ Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
²² Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
²³ Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁴ Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
²⁵ Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
²⁶ Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.
²⁷ Superintendent, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
²⁸ Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
²⁹ Department of Genomic Medicine and Center for Medical Genetics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
³⁰ Department of Cardiology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
³¹ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
³² Department of Internal Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
³³ Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Ren Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁴ University of Taipei, General Education Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁵ Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁶ Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
³⁷ School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
³⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
³⁹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁰ School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴¹ Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴² Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴³ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁴ Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
⁴⁵ Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁶ Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁷ Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁹ Center for Infection Control, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵⁰ Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵¹ Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵² Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵³ Department of Pharmacy, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁴ Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁵ Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁶ Department of Otolaryngology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁷ Division of Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵⁸ Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵⁹ Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁰ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶¹ Department of Pathology and Precision Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶² Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶³ Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁴ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁵ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁷ Division of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁸ Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁹ School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁰ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷¹ Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷² Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷³ Department of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School and College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁴ Precision Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁵ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁷⁶ Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁷ Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁷⁸ Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁹ Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁰ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸¹ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸² Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸³ Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁴ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁵ Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁶ Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁷ College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁸ Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁸⁹ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹¹ Division of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹² Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹³ Department of Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation) and Chang Gung University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹⁵ College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹⁶ School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁹⁸ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
⁹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁰ Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
¹⁰¹ Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
¹⁰² Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan.
¹⁰³ Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Yun-Lin, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁷ Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁸ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁰ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹¹ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹² Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹³ Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
¹¹⁴ Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁵ Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁶ Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁷ Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁸ Nephrology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹¹⁹ Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²⁰ School of Medicine Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²² Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
¹²³ Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁴ Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
¹²⁵ Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁶ School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁷ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹²⁸ Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹²⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁰ Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³¹ Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
¹³² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
¹³³ Clinical Trial Center, Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
¹³⁴ Cathay General Hospital Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁵ Cathay General Hospital Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁶ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
¹³⁷ Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
¹³⁸ Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹³⁹ Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁴⁰ Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
¹⁴¹ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁴² Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. jywu@ibms.sinica.edu.tw.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 41092961
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09680-x

Abstract

Han Chinese comprise nearly 20% of the global population yet remain underrepresented in genetic studies ^1,2, creating an urgent need for large-scale cohorts to advance precision medicine. Here, we present the Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI), initiated by Academia Sinica in collaboration with 16 major medical centers around Taiwan, which has recruited 565,390 participants who consented to provide DNA samples for genetic profiling and grant access to their electronic medical records (EMR) for research. EMR access is both retrospective and prospective, allowing longitudinal studies. Genetic profiling is done with population-optimized SNP arrays for those of Han Chinese ancestry that enable genome-wide association ^3,4, phenome-wide association ^5,6, and polygenic risk score ^7,8 studies to evaluate common disease risk and pharmacogenetic response. Participants also agree to be recontacted for future research and receive personalized genetic risk profiles with health management recommendations. TPMI has established the TPMI Data Access Platform (TDAP), a central database and analysis platform that both safeguards the security of the data and facilitates academic research. As a large non-European ancestry cohort that merges genetic profiles with EMR and enables longitudinal follow-up, TPMI provides a unique resource to validate genetic risk prediction models, conduct clinical trials of risk-based health management, and inform health policies. Ultimately, the TPMI cohort will contribute to global genetic research and serve as a model for population-based precision medicine.

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The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative provides a cohort for large-scale studies

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The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative provides a cohort for large-scale studies

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Abstract

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