Frozen in Addiction: A New Wave of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders?

Christos Ganos^#^{1

2

3}, Roberto Erro^#⁴, Mohammad Abdullah^#⁵, Tanya S Hauck^{6

7}, Daniel Ciccarone⁸, Christy Sutherland⁹, Parisa Saiyarsarai^{1

2}, Connie Marras^{1

2

3}, Susan H Fox^{1

2

3}, Alfonso Fasano^{1

2

3}, Anthony E Lang^{1

2

3}, Jonathan Squires^{5

10}, Kailash P Bhatia¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
² Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
³ Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴ Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
⁵ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto.
⁷ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto.
⁸ Department of Family Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁹ UBC Department of Family Practice, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁰ Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine UBC, UBC Movement Disorder Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹¹ Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.

^# Contributed equally.

Christos Ganos et al. Mov Disord. 2025.

. 2025 Oct 17.

doi: 10.1002/mds.70048. Online ahead of print.

¹ Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
² Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
³ Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴ Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
⁵ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto.
⁷ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto.
⁸ Department of Family Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁹ UBC Department of Family Practice, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁰ Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine UBC, UBC Movement Disorder Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹¹ Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.

^# Contributed equally.

No abstract available

References

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