Novel Therapeutics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Recent advances have transformed the therapeutic landscape for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunotherapy combinations, such as atezolizumab-bevacizumab, ipilimumab-nivolumab, and STRIDE, have raised survival expectations, while novel checkpoints (LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3) and targeted therapies addressing FGFR4 and β-catenin are entering late-phase trials. Additionally, metabolic and stress-pathway inhibitors targeting ferroptosis, GLS1, NRF2, and YAP-TAZ show promising synergy with existing treatments. Precision oncology innovations, including liquid biopsy and AI-driven imaging, further enhance patient-tailored approaches. Addressing equity and global implementation barriers will ensure these advances benefit all patients, marking a decisive shift toward personalized and equitable HCC care.

Keywords: FGFR4 inhibition; Ferroptosis induction; Immunotherapy; Liquid biopsy; Next-generation checkpoint inhibitors; Precision oncology; β-catenin modulation.