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. 2025 Oct 21;15(10):e102709.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-102709.

Descriptive study of cholera-related deaths in communities during Zambia's 2023-2024 outbreak: key insights

Oliver Mweso  1 , Agatha Shula  2 , Cephas Sialubanje  3 , Stephen Longa Chanda  3 , Thelma Shinjeka  3 , Kelvin Mwangilwa  3 , Lusungu Chirwa  3 , Danny Kabwe  3 , Jonathan Mwanza  3   4 , Nyuma Mbewe  3 , Sombo Fwoloshi  5   6   7 , Nyambe Sinyange  3 , Muzala Kapina  3 , Azmach Gebregiorgis  2 , Otipo Shikanga  2 , Moses Mwale  2 , Muyereka Nyirenda  2 , Peter Lisulo  8 , Peter Chipimo  2 , Benjamin Mubemba  9 , Nawa Mukumbuta  10   11 , Nathan Bakyaita  2 , Roma Chilengi  3
Affiliations

Descriptive study of cholera-related deaths in communities during Zambia's 2023-2024 outbreak: key insights

Oliver Mweso et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objectives: The study sought to understand the characteristics of community deaths due to cholera in Zambia. We sought to examine the drivers of mortality from cholera among communities in Zambia's 2023-2024 outbreak.

Design/setting: This is a descriptive study of the characteristics of community deaths due to cholera in three provinces in Zambia. Routine surveillance data collected between 14 October 2023 and 16 April 2024, comprising a national line list of cholera deaths, were used for this study.

Participants: 178 participants were included in the study and completed it. All community deaths on the line list were eligible for inclusion. This comprised: deceased individuals whose death was associated with cholera or who met the national cholera case definition (suspected or confirmed); death occurring in the community, en route or on arrival to a health facility prior to admission; and death must have occurred between 14 October 2023 and 16 April 2024. Deceased individuals whose family members could not be traced or did not consent to participate in the interview were excluded.

Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome was identifying characteristics of cholera-related community deaths. There were no secondary outcomes measured.

Results: Among 178 community deaths due to cholera, the majority were males (61.8%), with the highest mortality in adults aged 35-49 years (22.5%). Over half of the deaths occurred on arrival at healthcare facilities due to delays influenced by socioeconomic barriers. Comorbidities such as HIV/AIDS and hypertension were present in 23% of cases.

Conclusions: The study found that males, death on arrival at healthcare facilities, delays in seeking healthcare and comorbidities such as HIV/AIDS and hypertension were more frequently observed among those who died due to cholera in the community. These findings highlight the need for enhanced early care-seeking behaviours, improved access to timely treatment and targeted interventions for individuals with comorbidities to potentially reduce cholera mortality.

Keywords: Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Outbreaks; EPIDEMIOLOGY; Epidemics; PUBLIC HEALTH; Public health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Location of districts that were targeted for sampling of cholera-related community deaths in Zambia’s 2023–2024 outbreak.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Recruitment flow diagram for cholera-related deaths in communities during Zambia’s 2023–2024 outbreak.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Distribution over time of cholera-related deaths among the three provinces in Zambia’s 2023–2024 outbreak. OCV, oral cholera vaccines.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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