Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Comment
. 2025 Oct;646(8086):E4-E9.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09337-9. Epub 2025 Oct 22.

Uncertain climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen

Øivind Hodnebrog  1 , Caroline Jouan  2 , Didier A Hauglustaine  3 , Fabien Paulot  4 , Susanne E Bauer  5 , Maureen Beaudor  6 , Michael J Prather  7 , Marit Sandstad  2 , Ragnhild B Skeie  2 , Gunnar Myhre  2
Affiliations
Comment

Uncertain climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen

Øivind Hodnebrog et al. Nature. 2025 Oct.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The research project that has funded most of this work has received funding (approximately 25% of the total budget) from industry partners who have an interest in green or blue ammonia.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Global pre-industrial to present-day (1850 to 2019) RF due to anthropogenic Nr.
Direct aerosol RF (a), ozone RF (b), methane RF (c), N2O RF (d), CO2 RF (e) and the net RF calculated as the sum of the individual terms (f). The grey bars and whiskers are from ref. (see ref. for definition of error bars), and the other coloured bars are from this study. N2O RF and CO2 RF in this study are calculated based on ref. and are independent of the model data. RF due to ammonium is included in the nitrate and sulfate terms in a.
Extended Data Fig. 1
Extended Data Fig. 1. Pre-industrial to present-day (1850 to 2019) change in burden due to anthropogenic Nr.
Nitrate fine-mode aerosols (a), sulphate aerosols (b), and ozone (c) for each of the five models in this study and for GEOS-Chem results from ref. . It is unclear whether the GEOS-Chem results show fine-mode or total nitrate.
Extended Data Fig. 2
Extended Data Fig. 2. Pre-industrial to present-day (1850 to 2019) zonal mean change due to anthropogenic Nr.
Nitrate fine-mode aerosols (a), sulphate aerosols (b), and ozone (c) for each of the five models in this study and for GEOS-Chem results from ref. . It is unclear whether the GEOS-Chem results show fine-mode or total nitrate.
Extended Data Fig. 3
Extended Data Fig. 3. Pre-industrial to present-day (1850 to 2019) radiative forcing (RF) due to anthropogenic Nr.
Direct aerosol RF (a) and ozone RF (b) for each of the five models in this study and for GEOS-Chem results from ref. . The aerosol RF includes contributions from nitrate, sulphate and ammonium.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment on

  • Global net climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen.
    Gong C, Tian H, Liao H, Pan N, Pan S, Ito A, Jain AK, Kou-Giesbrecht S, Joos F, Sun Q, Shi H, Vuichard N, Zhu Q, Peng C, Maggi F, Tang FHM, Zaehle S. Gong C, et al. Nature. 2024 Aug;632(8025):557-563. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07714-4. Epub 2024 Jul 24. Nature. 2024. PMID: 39048828 Free PMC article.

References

    1. Gong, C. et al. Global net climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen. Nature632, 557–563 (2024). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szopa, S. et al. in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 817–922 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
    1. Gliss, J. et al. AeroCom phase III multi-model evaluation of the aerosol life cycle and optical properties using ground- and space-based remote sensing as well as surface in situ observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys.21, 87–128 (2021).
    1. Bian, H. S. et al. Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the AeroCom phase III experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys.17, 12911–12940 (2017).
    1. Berglen, T. F., Berntsen, T. K., Isaksen, I. S. A. & Sundet, J. K. A global model of the coupled sulfur/oxidant chemistry in the troposphere: the sulfur cycle. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.10.1029/2003jd003948 (2004).