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Review
. 2025 Oct 4:21:101228.
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101228. eCollection 2025 Dec.

Impact of open markets on zoonotic threats and antimicrobial resistance: A One Health concern

Md Abdullah Evna Hasan  1 , Md Saiful Islam  1   2 , Naeem Ahammed Ibrahim Fahim  1 , Md Tabeer Hossain Antor  1 , Samia Salam  1 , Rownak Jahan  1 , Rony Ibne Masud  1 , Zuhayr Bakhtiyar  1 , Dilruba Akter Jany  1 , Md Liton Rana  1   3   4 , Sadia Afrin Punom  1 , Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiquer Rahman  5 , Md Tanvir Rahman  1
Affiliations
Review

Impact of open markets on zoonotic threats and antimicrobial resistance: A One Health concern

Md Abdullah Evna Hasan et al. One Health. .

Abstract

Open markets play a significant role in global food distribution, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, where fresh produce, seafood, and live animals are commonly sold. However, they pose significant public health risks by facilitating the transmission of zoonotic pathogens and contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). High human-animal interactions, poor hygiene, and unregulated antimicrobial use contribute to the emergence and spread of resistant microorganisms. Despite these risks, the role of open markets in the spread of zoonotic pathogens and AMR has received limited attention. Thus, this review explores the possible mechanisms by which AMR may spread in open markets, the role of microbial genetic exchanges in the emergence of new resistant strains in these settings, and the zoonotic risks associated with the live animal trade. It also discusses strategies and future directions to mitigate these issues, emphasizing the urgency of taking the required One Health actions to minimize the spread of AMR and the zoonotic infections globally. These actions should include robust surveillance, regulatory measures, public health initiatives along with advocacy and training, all crucial for protecting global health.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Mitigation strategies; One health approaches; Open market; Public health risks; Transmission patterns; Zoonosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Transmission pathway of zoonotic and/or resistant pathogens from open markets.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Factors related to the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant organisms.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mitigation strategies of zoonotic threats and antimicrobial resistance in open markets.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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