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. 2025 Oct 10;13(10):2332.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13102332.

Antiviral Activity of Glucosyl Hesperidin Against Feline Calicivirus

Sung-Sook Choi  1 , Sun-Hyung Lee  2 , Kyung-Ae Lee  3
Affiliations

Antiviral Activity of Glucosyl Hesperidin Against Feline Calicivirus

Sung-Sook Choi et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of glucosyl hesperidin (GH), a water-soluble derivative of hesperidin with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in order to explore its potential applications. Antiviral activity was assessed using feline calicivirus (FCV), a surrogate model for human norovirus, a major foodborne pathogen. Cytotoxicity testing in Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells demonstrated that GH exhibited high biocompatibility, maintaining 100% cell viability at concentrations up to 8000 μM. Antiviral efficacy assays revealed that GH inhibited FCV replication in a concentration-dependent manner across the range of 250~8000 μM, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3281 μM. Complete viral inhibition, however, was not achieved at the maximum concentration tested. In conclusion, GH was shown to inhibit FCV while maintaining low cytotoxicity, indicating its potential as a natural, water-soluble candidate for the suppression of norovirus.

Keywords: antiviral activity; feline calicivirus; flavonoid; glucosyl hesperidin; norovirus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of glucosyl hesperidin (GH).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cytotoxicity of glucosyl hesperidin (GH) and nitazoxanide on Crandell–Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells. Cells were treated with (a) GH or (b) nitazoxanide at different concentrations, respectively. Results were represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences from the control (* p < 0.05). Note: CTR, Control.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Plaque assay for glucosyl hesperidin (GH) and nitazoxanide. Plaque assay was performed to evaluate the antiviral activity of GH. The experiment was conducted at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI = 0.002). Cells were treated with (a) GH or (b) nitazoxanide at different concentrations, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of glucosyl hesperidin (GH) on viral infection inhibition rate. Crandell–Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells were treated with (a) GH or (b) nitazoxanide at different concentrations, respectively. Results were represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences from the control (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Note: CTR, Control.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Dose–response relationship of viral infection inhibition. Crandell–Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells were treated with (a) glucosyl hesperidin or (b) nitazoxanide at different concentrations, respectively.
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