The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change

Marina Romanello¹, Maria Walawender², Shih-Che Hsu³, Annalyse Moskeland⁴, Yasna Palmeiro-Silva², Daniel Scamman³, James W Smallcombe⁵, Sabah Abdullah⁶, Melanie Ades⁷, Abdullah Al-Maruf⁸, Nadia Ameli³, Denitsa Angelova⁹, Sonja Ayeb-Karlsson¹⁰, Joan Ballester¹¹, Xavier Basagaña¹¹, Hannah Bechara¹², Paul J Beggs¹³, Wenjia Cai¹⁴, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum¹⁵, Gina E C Charnley¹⁶, Orin Courtenay¹⁷, Troy J Cross⁵, Carole Dalin¹⁸, Niheer Dasandi¹⁹, Shouro Dasgupta²⁰, Michael Davies²¹, Matthew Eckelman²², Chris Freyberg²³, Paulina Garcia Corral¹², Olga Gasparyan²⁴, Joseph Giguere²⁵, Georgiana Gordon-Strachan²⁶, Sophie Gumy²⁷, Samuel H Gunther²⁸, Ian Hamilton³, Yun Hang²⁹, Risto Hänninen³⁰, Stella Hartinger³¹, Kehan He³², Julian Heidecke³³, Jeremy J Hess³⁴, Slava Jankin³⁵, Ollie Jay⁵, Dafni Kalatzi Pantera¹⁹, Ilan Kelman², Harry Kennard², Gregor Kiesewetter³⁶, Patrick Kinney³⁷, Dominic Kniveton³⁸, Vally Koubi³⁹, Rostislav Kouznetsov³⁰, Pete Lampard⁴⁰, Jason K W Lee²⁸, Bruno Lemke⁴¹, Bo Li⁴², Andrew Linke⁴³, Yang Liu⁴⁴, Zhao Liu⁴⁵, Rachel Lowe⁴⁶, Siqi Ma⁴⁷, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi⁴⁸, Carla Maia⁴⁹, Anil Markandya⁵⁰, Greta Martin⁵¹, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza⁵², Mark Maslin⁵³, Lucy McAllister⁵⁴, Celia McMichael⁵⁵, Zhifu Mi⁵⁶, James Milner⁵⁷, Kelton Minor⁵⁸, Jan Minx⁵⁹, Nahid Mohajeri²¹, Natalie C Momen¹⁵, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh⁶⁰, Karyn Morrisey⁶¹, Simon Munzert¹², Kris A Murray⁶², Nick Obradovich⁶³, Papa Orgen³, Matthias Otto⁴¹, Fereidoon Owfi⁶⁴, Olivia L Pearman⁶⁵, Frank Pega¹⁵, Andrew J Pershing²⁵, Ana-Catarina Pinho-Gomes², Jamie Ponmattam⁶⁶, Mahnaz Rabbaniha⁶⁴, Tim Repke⁵⁹, Jorge Roa⁶⁷, Elizabeth Robinson⁶⁸, Joacim Rocklöv⁶⁹, David Rojas-Rueda⁷⁰, Jorge Ruiz-Cabrejos¹¹, Matilde Rusticucci⁷¹, Renee N Salas⁷², Adrià San José Plana¹⁶, Jan C Semenza⁷³, Jodi D Sherman⁷⁴, Joy Shumake-Guillemot⁷⁵, Pratik Singh⁷⁵, Henrik Sjödin⁷³, Matthew R Smith³⁴, Mikhail Sofiev³⁰, Cecilia Sorensen⁷⁶, Marco Springmann⁷⁷, Jennifer D Stowell³⁷, Meisam Tabatabaei⁷⁸, Federico Tartarini⁷⁹, Jonathon Taylor⁸⁰, Cathryn Tonne⁸⁰, Marina Treskova⁸¹, Joaquin A Trinanes⁸², Andreas Uppstu³⁰, Nicolas Valdes-Ortega⁸³, Fabian Wagner³⁶, Nick Watts⁸⁴, Hannah Whitcombe², Richard Wood⁸⁵, Pu Yang³, Ying Zhang⁸⁶, Shaohui Zhang³⁶, Chi Zhang⁴², Shihui Zhang⁸⁷, Qiao Zhu⁴⁴, Peng Gong⁵³, Hugh Montgomery⁸⁸, Anthony Costello²

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. Electronic address: m.romanello@ucl.ac.uk.
² Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
³ Bartlett School of Environment, Energy & Resources, University College London, London, UK.
⁴ Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁵ Heat and Health Research Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁶ Economic Research & Development Impact Department, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
⁷ European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK.
⁸ Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
⁹ Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰ Department of Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK.
¹¹ Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
¹² Data Science Lab, Hertie School, Berlin, Germany.
¹³ School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁴ Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
¹⁵ Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁶ Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁷ Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.
¹⁸ Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London, UK.
¹⁹ School of Government, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²⁰ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change Foundation, Lecce, Italy.
²¹ Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
²² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Ruby Coast Research Group, Ruby Bay, New Zealand.
²⁴ Department of Political Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
²⁵ Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, USA.
²⁶ Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
²⁷ WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
²⁸ Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
²⁹ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
³⁰ Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
³¹ School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
³² Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
³³ Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
³⁴ Centre for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³⁵ Institute for Data and AI, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³⁶ Pollution Management Group, Program on Energy, Climate and the Environment, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
³⁷ Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁸ School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
³⁹ Center for Comparative and International Studies, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
⁴¹ Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology-Te Pukenga, Nelson, New Zealand.
⁴² School of Management, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
⁴³ School of Environment, Society, and Sustainability, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
⁴⁴ Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴⁵ School of Airport Economics, Beijing Institute of Economics and Management, Beijing, China.
⁴⁶ Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁷ Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Future Africa, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴⁹ Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁰ BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Santsoena, Spain.
⁵¹ Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
⁵² Department of Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵³ Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
⁵⁴ Environmental Studies Program, Denison University, Granville, OH, USA.
⁵⁵ School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁶ The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, UK.
⁵⁷ Department of Public Health, Environments, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁵⁸ Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁵⁹ Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁰ Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶¹ JE Cairnes School of Business and Economics, Galway, Ireland.
⁶² Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Serekunda, The Gambia.
⁶³ Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tulsa, OK, USA.
⁶⁴ Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁵ Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
⁶⁶ Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶⁷ Department of Health Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶⁸ Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁰ Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷² Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷³ Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
⁷⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁷⁵ WHO-WMO Joint Climate and Health Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁷⁶ Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁷ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁷⁸ Higher Institution Centre of Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
⁷⁹ Sydney School of Architecture Design and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁰ Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
⁸¹ Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁸² Department of Electronics and Computer Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
⁸³ Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
⁸⁴ Centre for Sustainable Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁸⁵ School of Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁶ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁷ School of Ecology & Environment, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
⁸⁸ Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 41175887
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01919-1

Review

The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change

Marina Romanello et al. Lancet. 2025.

. 2025 Oct 29:S0140-6736(25)01919-1.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01919-1. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. Electronic address: m.romanello@ucl.ac.uk.
² Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
³ Bartlett School of Environment, Energy & Resources, University College London, London, UK.
⁴ Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁵ Heat and Health Research Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁶ Economic Research & Development Impact Department, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
⁷ European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK.
⁸ Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
⁹ Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰ Department of Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK.
¹¹ Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
¹² Data Science Lab, Hertie School, Berlin, Germany.
¹³ School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁴ Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
¹⁵ Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁶ Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁷ Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.
¹⁸ Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London, UK.
¹⁹ School of Government, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²⁰ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change Foundation, Lecce, Italy.
²¹ Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
²² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Ruby Coast Research Group, Ruby Bay, New Zealand.
²⁴ Department of Political Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
²⁵ Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, USA.
²⁶ Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
²⁷ WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
²⁸ Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
²⁹ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
³⁰ Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
³¹ School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
³² Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
³³ Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
³⁴ Centre for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³⁵ Institute for Data and AI, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³⁶ Pollution Management Group, Program on Energy, Climate and the Environment, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
³⁷ Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁸ School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
³⁹ Center for Comparative and International Studies, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
⁴¹ Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology-Te Pukenga, Nelson, New Zealand.
⁴² School of Management, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
⁴³ School of Environment, Society, and Sustainability, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
⁴⁴ Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴⁵ School of Airport Economics, Beijing Institute of Economics and Management, Beijing, China.
⁴⁶ Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁷ Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Future Africa, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴⁹ Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁰ BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Santsoena, Spain.
⁵¹ Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
⁵² Department of Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵³ Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
⁵⁴ Environmental Studies Program, Denison University, Granville, OH, USA.
⁵⁵ School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁶ The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, UK.
⁵⁷ Department of Public Health, Environments, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁵⁸ Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁵⁹ Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁰ Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶¹ JE Cairnes School of Business and Economics, Galway, Ireland.
⁶² Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Serekunda, The Gambia.
⁶³ Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tulsa, OK, USA.
⁶⁴ Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁵ Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
⁶⁶ Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶⁷ Department of Health Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶⁸ Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁰ Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷² Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷³ Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
⁷⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁷⁵ WHO-WMO Joint Climate and Health Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁷⁶ Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁷ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁷⁸ Higher Institution Centre of Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
⁷⁹ Sydney School of Architecture Design and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁰ Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
⁸¹ Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁸² Department of Electronics and Computer Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
⁸³ Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
⁸⁴ Centre for Sustainable Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁸⁵ School of Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁶ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁷ School of Ecology & Environment, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
⁸⁸ Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 41175887
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01919-1

No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests PJB, AC, IH, JJH, S-CH, IK, KAM, YP-S, MRo, MW, and HW were compensated for their time while drafting and developing the Lancet Countdown's report via the Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change Wellcome Trust grant (grant number 304972/Z/23/Z). MSo, RH, and RK acknowledge the funding of Research Council of Finland VFSP-WASE (grant number 359421), together with the EU Horizon projects FirEUrisk (grant number 101003890) and ClimAir (grant 101156799). CD was supported by the European Commission via European Research Council (FLORA, grant number 101039402); and acknowledges funding by the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment in France via project PREF-Alim. JG and AJP were supported by the Bezos Earth Fund and the Schmidt Family Foundation via grant funding for attribution science. YH, YL, and QZ were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. KMi was compensated for his time by Columbia University, USA. DKP, MRo, and MSp were supported by the Horizon Europe CATALYSE project (CATALYSE grant number 101057131; HORIZON-HLTH-2021-ENVHLTH-02, with UK Research and Innovation reference number 10041512). MRo and JCS were supported by the Horizon Europe programme through the IDAlert project (101057554) and the UK Research and Innovation project (reference number 10056533). AU was supported by the Finnish Foreign Ministry via the IBA-ILMA project (grant number VN/13798/2023). GG-S acknowledges funding from the National Institute of Health and Care Research UK for the Global Health Research Group on Diet and Activity (NIHR133205 with sub-award contract number G109900-SJ1/171 with University of Cambridge). JJH acknowledges a grant from the Wellcome Trust, the National Institutes of Health via the Research and Engagement on Adaptation for Climate and Health project, the National Institute of Standards and Technologies, and the New Frontiers in Research Fund via the Urgently Accelerating Climate Mental Health Research & Equity through Global Networks project; and acknowledges honoraria from Columbia University, Harvard University, and Arizona State University. OJ acknowledges grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Heat and Health: building resilience to extreme heat in a warming world, GNT1147789) and the Wellcome Trust (Heat stress in ready-made garment factories in Bangladesh and the Heat inform pregnant study); has received support from the Global Heat and Health information Network to attend a management committee meeting in Washington, DC, USA (February, 2023), from the Minderoo Foundation to attend a meeting in Boston, MA, USA (June, 2024), and from the SE Asia Global Heat and Health Information Network Hub to attend a meeting in Singapore (January, 2025); and holds a patent for the Environmental Measurement Unit. RNS acknowledges a contract with Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Brigham; acknowledges honoraria for presentations and work with the Mayo Clinic, Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research, University of Oregon, Cambridge College, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, University of North Carolina, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Bezos Earth Fund, Association of American Medical Colleges, New England Journal of Medicine, and American College of Emergency Physicians; has received support for travel from the National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, the International Society of Behavioral Medicine, the University of Oregon, the Health Evolution, Fortune Brainstorm Health, the American Philosophical Society, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and Clinton Global Initiative; acknowledges participation and involvement in The National Academies Climate Crossroads Advisory Committee, The National Academy of Medicine Grand Challenge Steering Committee, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Study Section. NO acknowledges an in-kind contract with OpenAI via their researcher access programme. MSp acknowledges funding from the Wellcome Trust (Career Development Award number 225318/Z/22/Z), the European Commission's Horizon Europe Programme via the BrightSpace project (grant number 101060075) and the ACT4CAP project (grant number 101134874). JDSh acknowledges funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Commonwealth Fund, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, and the Yale University Planetary Solutions Initiative; has received royalties from UptoDate; has received honoraria for lectures from the University of British Columbia Department of Surgery, the George Washington University Winston Health Policy Fellowship, the Columbia University Life Cycle Assessment Bootcamp, the Weil Cornell Department of Anesthesiology, the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, Project Echo, and the University of Southern California Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Population Health; has received honoraria from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and CASCADES; has received support for travel from WHO (Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health), the American Hospital Pharmacists Association, the Galien Forum, the National Academy of Medicine, the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, the British Journal of Anaesthesiology, the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, the American Society of Anaesthesiologists, the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, the Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology in New Zealand and Australia/Australian and New Zealand Association of Paediatric Surgeons, the Centre for Sustainable Health and Care, University of Toronto, the Endocrine Society, the American Thoracic Society, and the International Forum on Perioperative Safety and Quality; and is the chair of the committee on environmental health for the American Society of Anesthesiologists, and the chair of the sustainability committee for the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists. JDSt acknowledges a grant from the Health Effects Institute (no funds were used in connection with the writing of the report). CT received funding from the European Commission's Horizon Europe Programme (CATALYSE and EXPANSE projects) and from the Health Effects Institute; and has received payment for a lecture as part of the G7 satellite event related to climate change and health: Turning Goals into Actions: Research and Innovation for climate change mitigation; organised by the Municipality of Taranto. JT has received honoraria from the University of Oulu, Finland; and has received funding from the Research Council of Finland (T-Winning Spaces 2035 project), the UK Medical Research Council (PICNIC project), the Finnish Ministry of the Environment (SEASON project), and Business Finland (GIANT project). ME acknowledges fees received from AstraZeneca, Asc Academics, and the UK National Health Service for personal consulting; and has received support for travel from the US National Academy of Medicine. PJB, KAM, and RNS received support for travel from the Wellcome Trust via the Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change grant (grant number 304972/Z/23/Z). AC received support from the Wellcome Trust via ‘The Lancet Countdown: Tracking Progress on Health and Climate Change’ Wellcome Trust grant (grant number 304972/Z/23/Z) to attend the 2025 World Health Assembly; and has involvement as chair of the data safety monitoring board for the TARA trial in Delhi, India (ended in 2023). HM acknowledges his role as unpaid Charity Trustee and co-lead for sustainability of the UK Intensive Care Society. KAM acknowledges his role as board member of the Soulsby Foundation and his role as scientific committee member of the Regenerative Society Foundation. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change

Affiliations

The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change

Authors

Affiliations

Conflict of interest statement

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources