Public Health Guidelines for Social Connection: An International Delphi Study

Abstract

Background: Loneliness and social isolation are linked to increased morbidity and mortality, with health risks comparable to sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition. Promoting social connection has therefore become a global public health priority. Evidence-based guidelines could help raise awareness of the health impacts of disconnection, shape individual behaviors, and inform community programs and policies.

Objective: This study aimed to develop recommended public health guidelines for social connection using a Delphi methodology.

Methods: Experts from diverse subfields of Psychology were recruited through networks, nominations, and targeted invitations. In Round 1, open-text responses identified key principles and potential guidelines for individuals and communities. A grounded thematic analysis synthesized these responses into draft guidelines. In subsequent rounds, experts rated their support for each statement. Guidelines with ≥80 % expert endorsement were refined through focus groups.

Results: The final product included 12 guidelines: six for individuals and six for communities. Community guidelines focus on: (1) raising awareness of connection, (2) supporting social-emotional development, (3) prioritizing social health in policy, (4) designing connection-friendly environments, (5) promoting accessibility and inclusion, and (6) measuring social wellbeing. Individual guidelines emphasize: (1) making connection a lifelong priority, (2) cultivating a positive social outlook, (3) building diverse networks, (4) prioritizing meaningful interactions, (5) developing new relationships, and (6) using technology wisely.

Conclusions: These expert-informed guidelines may serve as a framework for advancing individual and population-level efforts to strengthen social wellbeing.

Keywords: Delphi study; Loneliness; Mental health; Public health guidelines; Social connection; Social isolation.