Sodium Channel Inhibitors in Clinical Development for Pain Management: A Focused Review

Abstract

Chronic and neuropathic pain remain significant clinical challenges owing to limited efficacy and safety concerns associated with conventional analgesics, including opioids and NSAIDs. Voltage-gated sodium channels, particularly Nav1.7 and Nav1.8, have emerged as promising non-opioid targets for pain modulation, given their selective expression in peripheral nociceptors and critical roles in pain signal transmission. Recent advances in structural biology and pharmacology have enabled the development of highly selective inhibitors targeting these channels. This review explores sodium channel inhibitors currently in clinical development, with a focus on suzetrigine (VX-548), the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Nav1.8 inhibitor for acute pain, as well as other investigational agents such as ralfinamide, OLP-1002, LTGO-33 and HBW-004285. Despite setbacks in early candidates owing to selectivity and tolerability issues, ongoing trials demonstrate renewed optimism for a new class of analgesics that may overcome the limitations of traditional pain therapies. We discuss key pharmacological challenges observed in earlier trials including functional redundancy, species differences, and on-target side effects, and outline how emerging strategies, such as structural biology-guided design, combination therapies, and precision medicine, are paving the way for safer, more effective, nonaddictive pain treatments.