Global, regional, and national burden of Chagas disease, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

GBD 2023 Chagas Disease and RAISE Study Collaborators

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

GBD 2023 Chagas Disease and RAISE Study Collaborators:
Ewerton Cousin¹, Bruno Ramos Nascimento², Joanna L Whisnant³, Stephanie R M Zimsen³, Ashley Ann Harris³, Isis Eloah Machado⁴, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo⁵, Caroline Demacq⁶, Pablo Perel⁷, Yvonne Geissbühler⁸, Madineh Abbasi⁹, Reda Abdel-Hameed¹⁰, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz¹¹, Armita Abedi¹², Dmitry Abramov¹³, Eman Abu-Gharbieh¹⁴, Oyelola A Adegboye¹⁵, Muhammad Sohail Afzal¹⁶, Saira Afzal¹⁷, Sajjad Ahmad¹⁸, Ayman Ahmed¹⁹, Karolina Akinosoglou²⁰, Salah Al Awaidy²¹, Syed Shujait Ali²², Joseph Uy Almazan²³, Najim Z Alshahrani²⁴, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk²⁵, Saeid Anvari²⁶, Juan Pablo Arab²⁷, Jalal Arabloo²⁸, Aleksandr Y Aravkin A²⁹, Demelash Areda³⁰, Brhane Berhe Aregawi³¹, Abdulfatai Aremu³², Seyyed Shamsadin Athari³³, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu³⁴, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu³⁵, Maciej Banach³⁶, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi³⁷, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan³⁸, Jina Behjati³⁹, Melesse Belayneh⁴⁰, Apostolos Beloukas⁴¹, Sonu Bhaskar⁴², Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee⁴³, Sri Harsha Boppana⁴⁴, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko⁴⁵, Yasser Bustanji⁴⁶, Mariângela Carneiro⁴⁷, Felix Carvalho⁴⁸, Muthia Cenderadewi⁴⁹, Vijay Kumar Chattu⁵⁰, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary⁵¹, Patrick R Ching⁵², Claudia Cosma⁵³, Omid Dadras⁵⁴, Xiaochen Dai¹, Samuel Demissie Darcho⁵⁵, Devananda Devegowda⁵⁶, Daniel Diaz⁵⁷, Paulo Magno Martins Dourado⁵⁸, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye⁵⁹, Abdel Rahman E'mar⁶⁰, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra⁶¹, Ferry Efendi⁶², Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo⁶³, Muhammed Elhadi⁶⁴, Mohammed Elshaer⁶⁵, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe⁶⁶, Masoud Foroutan⁶⁷, Richard Charles Franklin⁶⁸, Blima Fux⁶⁹, Rupesh K Gautam⁷⁰, Miglas Welay Gebregergis⁷¹, Sailaja Ghimire⁷², Himanshu Gupta⁷³, Ahmed I Hasaballah⁷⁴, Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi⁷⁵, Simon I Hay¹, Jiawei He³, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi⁷⁶, Irena M Ilic⁷⁷, Milena D Ilic⁷⁸, Mihajlo Jakovljevic⁷⁹, Mahsa Jalili⁸⁰, Nitin Joseph⁸¹, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi⁸², Khaled Khatab⁸³, Shivakumar Km⁸⁴, Mukhtar Kulimbet⁸⁵, Ville Kytö⁸⁶, Minh Huu Nhat Le⁸⁷, Thao Thi Thu Le⁸⁸, Seung Won Lee⁸⁹, Stephen S Lim¹, Yosef Manla⁹⁰, Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra⁹¹, Tesfahun Mekene Meto⁹², Hadush Negash Meles⁹³, Tomislav Mestrovic⁹⁴, Ali H Mokdad¹, Israel Molina⁹⁵, Mohammad Ali Moni⁹⁶, Rabia Mubarak⁹⁷, Sumaira Mubarik⁹⁸, Christopher J L Murray¹, Zuhair S Natto⁹⁹, Van Thanh Nguyen¹⁰⁰, Jean Marie Vianney Niyonsenga¹⁰¹, Fred Nugen¹⁰², Ismail A Odetokun¹⁰³, Osaretin Christabel Okonji¹⁰⁴, Michal Ordak¹⁰⁵, Verner N Orish¹⁰⁶, Esteban Ortiz-Prado¹⁰⁷, Amel Ouyahia¹⁰⁸, Victoria Pando-Robles¹⁰⁹, Roberto Passera¹¹⁰, Shrikant Pawar¹¹¹, Prince Peprah¹¹², Alexandre Pereira¹¹³, Gladymar Perez Chacon¹¹⁴, Daniel José Pineiro¹¹⁵, Thantrira Porntaveetus¹¹⁶, Fakher Rahim¹¹⁷, Mosiur Rahman¹¹⁸, Saeed Rahmani¹¹⁹, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan¹²⁰, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy¹²¹, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani¹²², Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha¹²³, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez¹²⁴, Leonardo Roever¹²⁵, Priyanka Roy¹²⁶, Cameron John Sabet¹²⁷, Umar Saeed¹²⁸, Mehdi Safari¹²⁹, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari¹³⁰, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari³⁷, Nasir Salam¹³¹, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami¹³², Tanmay Sarkar¹³³, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez¹³⁴, Samiah Shahid¹³⁵, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim¹³⁶, Mohammed Shannawaz¹³⁷, Samendra P Sherchan¹³⁸, Aminu Shittu¹³⁹, Seyed Afshin Shorofi¹⁴⁰, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig¹⁴¹, Paramdeep Singh¹⁴², Surjit Singh¹³⁶, Chandan Kumar Swain¹⁴³, Lukasz Szarpak¹⁴⁴, Krishna Tiwari¹³⁶, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone¹⁴⁵, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe¹⁴⁶, Shulan Wu¹⁴⁷, Sajad Yaghoubi¹⁴⁸, Galal Yahya¹⁴⁹, Dong Keon Yon¹⁵⁰, Nelson Zamora¹⁵¹, Michael Zastrozhin¹⁵², Mohammed G M Zeariya¹⁵³, Jehan Zeb¹⁵⁴, Haijun Zhang¹⁵⁵, Jinxin Zheng¹⁵⁶, Jonathan F Mosser¹⁵⁷, Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro¹⁵⁸

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
³ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁴ Department of Family Medicine, Mental and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
⁵ Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
⁶ Global Health Department, Novartis Pharma AG, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁷ World Heart Federation, Geneve, UK.
⁸ Evidence Generation, Innovative Medicines Department, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
⁹ Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
¹⁰ Basic Science Department, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹¹ Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
¹² Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
¹³ Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
¹⁴ Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
¹⁵ Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹⁷ Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹⁸ Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁹ Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
²⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece.
²¹ Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman.
²² Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
²³ Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
²⁴ Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵ Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.
²⁶ Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
²⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²⁸ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²⁹ Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³⁰ College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
³¹ College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
³² Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
³³ Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
³⁴ Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
³⁵ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
³⁶ Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
³⁷ Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
³⁸ Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁹ School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁰ Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
⁴² Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
⁴³ Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴⁴ Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁶ School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁷ Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁴⁸ Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁹ College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia.
⁵⁰ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India.
⁵¹ Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵² Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
⁵³ Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁵⁴ Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Health Statistics and Informatics, Public Health Division, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia.
⁵⁵ Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
⁵⁶ JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India.
⁵⁷ Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
⁵⁸ Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Clínica Pró Coração, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁹ Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
⁶¹ Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
⁶² Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶³ Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.
⁶⁴ College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁶⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
⁶⁷ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
⁶⁸ College of Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁶⁹ Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
⁷⁰ Department of Pharmacology, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.
⁷¹ Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
⁷² Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁷³ College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Melbourne/Darwin, Victoria (VIC), Australia.
⁷⁴ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷⁵ Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
⁷⁶ West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁷⁷ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁷⁸ Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
⁷⁹ UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.
⁸⁰ Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.
⁸¹ Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
⁸² Department of Research, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁸³ College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA.
⁸⁴ Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.
⁸⁵ Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁸⁶ Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
⁸⁷ International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁸⁸ University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
⁸⁹ Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea.
⁹⁰ Internal Medicine Department, Eisenhower Health, Palm Desert, CA, USA.
⁹¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico.
⁹² Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
⁹³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
⁹⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.
⁹⁵ International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹⁶ AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁹⁷ PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
⁹⁸ Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
⁹⁹ Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
¹⁰¹ Research Department, JFI Consults Ltd, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹⁰² Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
¹⁰³ Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁴ School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana.
¹⁰⁷ One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador.
¹⁰⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.
¹⁰⁹ Infectious Disease Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
¹¹⁰ Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy.
¹¹¹ Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹¹² Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹¹³ Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹¹⁵ World Heart Federation, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹¹⁶ Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹¹⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹¹⁸ Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
¹¹⁹ Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹²⁰ Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
¹²¹ Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹²² Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²³ Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
¹²⁴ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
¹²⁵ Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹²⁶ Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India.
¹²⁷ Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹²⁸ Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkiye; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan.
¹²⁹ Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁰ Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
¹³¹ Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
¹³² Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
¹³³ Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India.
¹³⁴ Institute for Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹³⁵ Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹³⁶ Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
¹³⁷ Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India.
¹³⁸ Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
¹³⁹ Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
¹⁴¹ Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴² Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India.
¹⁴³ Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
¹⁴⁵ Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.
¹⁴⁷ Health Policy and Management Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (MD), USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁵¹ Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia.
¹⁵² Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹⁵³ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁵⁴ Higher Education Archives & Libraries Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan.
¹⁵⁵ School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁵⁶ School of global health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
¹⁵⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: jmosser@uw.edu.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

PMID: 41202826
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00562-6

Global, regional, and national burden of Chagas disease, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

GBD 2023 Chagas Disease and RAISE Study Collaborators. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025.

. 2025 Nov 4:S1473-3099(25)00562-6.

doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00562-6. Online ahead of print.

Author

GBD 2023 Chagas Disease and RAISE Study Collaborators

Collaborators

GBD 2023 Chagas Disease and RAISE Study Collaborators:
Ewerton Cousin¹, Bruno Ramos Nascimento², Joanna L Whisnant³, Stephanie R M Zimsen³, Ashley Ann Harris³, Isis Eloah Machado⁴, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo⁵, Caroline Demacq⁶, Pablo Perel⁷, Yvonne Geissbühler⁸, Madineh Abbasi⁹, Reda Abdel-Hameed¹⁰, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz¹¹, Armita Abedi¹², Dmitry Abramov¹³, Eman Abu-Gharbieh¹⁴, Oyelola A Adegboye¹⁵, Muhammad Sohail Afzal¹⁶, Saira Afzal¹⁷, Sajjad Ahmad¹⁸, Ayman Ahmed¹⁹, Karolina Akinosoglou²⁰, Salah Al Awaidy²¹, Syed Shujait Ali²², Joseph Uy Almazan²³, Najim Z Alshahrani²⁴, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk²⁵, Saeid Anvari²⁶, Juan Pablo Arab²⁷, Jalal Arabloo²⁸, Aleksandr Y Aravkin A²⁹, Demelash Areda³⁰, Brhane Berhe Aregawi³¹, Abdulfatai Aremu³², Seyyed Shamsadin Athari³³, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu³⁴, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu³⁵, Maciej Banach³⁶, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi³⁷, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan³⁸, Jina Behjati³⁹, Melesse Belayneh⁴⁰, Apostolos Beloukas⁴¹, Sonu Bhaskar⁴², Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee⁴³, Sri Harsha Boppana⁴⁴, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko⁴⁵, Yasser Bustanji⁴⁶, Mariângela Carneiro⁴⁷, Felix Carvalho⁴⁸, Muthia Cenderadewi⁴⁹, Vijay Kumar Chattu⁵⁰, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary⁵¹, Patrick R Ching⁵², Claudia Cosma⁵³, Omid Dadras⁵⁴, Xiaochen Dai¹, Samuel Demissie Darcho⁵⁵, Devananda Devegowda⁵⁶, Daniel Diaz⁵⁷, Paulo Magno Martins Dourado⁵⁸, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye⁵⁹, Abdel Rahman E'mar⁶⁰, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra⁶¹, Ferry Efendi⁶², Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo⁶³, Muhammed Elhadi⁶⁴, Mohammed Elshaer⁶⁵, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe⁶⁶, Masoud Foroutan⁶⁷, Richard Charles Franklin⁶⁸, Blima Fux⁶⁹, Rupesh K Gautam⁷⁰, Miglas Welay Gebregergis⁷¹, Sailaja Ghimire⁷², Himanshu Gupta⁷³, Ahmed I Hasaballah⁷⁴, Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi⁷⁵, Simon I Hay¹, Jiawei He³, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi⁷⁶, Irena M Ilic⁷⁷, Milena D Ilic⁷⁸, Mihajlo Jakovljevic⁷⁹, Mahsa Jalili⁸⁰, Nitin Joseph⁸¹, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi⁸², Khaled Khatab⁸³, Shivakumar Km⁸⁴, Mukhtar Kulimbet⁸⁵, Ville Kytö⁸⁶, Minh Huu Nhat Le⁸⁷, Thao Thi Thu Le⁸⁸, Seung Won Lee⁸⁹, Stephen S Lim¹, Yosef Manla⁹⁰, Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra⁹¹, Tesfahun Mekene Meto⁹², Hadush Negash Meles⁹³, Tomislav Mestrovic⁹⁴, Ali H Mokdad¹, Israel Molina⁹⁵, Mohammad Ali Moni⁹⁶, Rabia Mubarak⁹⁷, Sumaira Mubarik⁹⁸, Christopher J L Murray¹, Zuhair S Natto⁹⁹, Van Thanh Nguyen¹⁰⁰, Jean Marie Vianney Niyonsenga¹⁰¹, Fred Nugen¹⁰², Ismail A Odetokun¹⁰³, Osaretin Christabel Okonji¹⁰⁴, Michal Ordak¹⁰⁵, Verner N Orish¹⁰⁶, Esteban Ortiz-Prado¹⁰⁷, Amel Ouyahia¹⁰⁸, Victoria Pando-Robles¹⁰⁹, Roberto Passera¹¹⁰, Shrikant Pawar¹¹¹, Prince Peprah¹¹², Alexandre Pereira¹¹³, Gladymar Perez Chacon¹¹⁴, Daniel José Pineiro¹¹⁵, Thantrira Porntaveetus¹¹⁶, Fakher Rahim¹¹⁷, Mosiur Rahman¹¹⁸, Saeed Rahmani¹¹⁹, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan¹²⁰, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy¹²¹, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani¹²², Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha¹²³, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez¹²⁴, Leonardo Roever¹²⁵, Priyanka Roy¹²⁶, Cameron John Sabet¹²⁷, Umar Saeed¹²⁸, Mehdi Safari¹²⁹, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari¹³⁰, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari³⁷, Nasir Salam¹³¹, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami¹³², Tanmay Sarkar¹³³, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez¹³⁴, Samiah Shahid¹³⁵, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim¹³⁶, Mohammed Shannawaz¹³⁷, Samendra P Sherchan¹³⁸, Aminu Shittu¹³⁹, Seyed Afshin Shorofi¹⁴⁰, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig¹⁴¹, Paramdeep Singh¹⁴², Surjit Singh¹³⁶, Chandan Kumar Swain¹⁴³, Lukasz Szarpak¹⁴⁴, Krishna Tiwari¹³⁶, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone¹⁴⁵, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe¹⁴⁶, Shulan Wu¹⁴⁷, Sajad Yaghoubi¹⁴⁸, Galal Yahya¹⁴⁹, Dong Keon Yon¹⁵⁰, Nelson Zamora¹⁵¹, Michael Zastrozhin¹⁵², Mohammed G M Zeariya¹⁵³, Jehan Zeb¹⁵⁴, Haijun Zhang¹⁵⁵, Jinxin Zheng¹⁵⁶, Jonathan F Mosser¹⁵⁷, Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro¹⁵⁸

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
³ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁴ Department of Family Medicine, Mental and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
⁵ Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
⁶ Global Health Department, Novartis Pharma AG, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁷ World Heart Federation, Geneve, UK.
⁸ Evidence Generation, Innovative Medicines Department, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
⁹ Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
¹⁰ Basic Science Department, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹¹ Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
¹² Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
¹³ Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
¹⁴ Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
¹⁵ Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹⁷ Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹⁸ Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁹ Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
²⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece.
²¹ Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman.
²² Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
²³ Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
²⁴ Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵ Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.
²⁶ Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
²⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²⁸ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²⁹ Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³⁰ College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
³¹ College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
³² Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
³³ Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
³⁴ Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
³⁵ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
³⁶ Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
³⁷ Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
³⁸ Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁹ School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁰ Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
⁴² Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
⁴³ Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴⁴ Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁶ School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁷ Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁴⁸ Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁹ College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia.
⁵⁰ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India.
⁵¹ Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵² Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
⁵³ Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁵⁴ Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Health Statistics and Informatics, Public Health Division, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia.
⁵⁵ Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
⁵⁶ JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India.
⁵⁷ Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
⁵⁸ Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Clínica Pró Coração, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁹ Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
⁶¹ Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
⁶² Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶³ Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.
⁶⁴ College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁶⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
⁶⁷ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
⁶⁸ College of Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁶⁹ Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
⁷⁰ Department of Pharmacology, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.
⁷¹ Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
⁷² Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁷³ College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Melbourne/Darwin, Victoria (VIC), Australia.
⁷⁴ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷⁵ Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
⁷⁶ West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁷⁷ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁷⁸ Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
⁷⁹ UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.
⁸⁰ Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.
⁸¹ Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
⁸² Department of Research, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁸³ College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA.
⁸⁴ Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.
⁸⁵ Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁸⁶ Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
⁸⁷ International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁸⁸ University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
⁸⁹ Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea.
⁹⁰ Internal Medicine Department, Eisenhower Health, Palm Desert, CA, USA.
⁹¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico.
⁹² Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
⁹³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
⁹⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.
⁹⁵ International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹⁶ AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁹⁷ PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
⁹⁸ Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
⁹⁹ Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
¹⁰¹ Research Department, JFI Consults Ltd, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹⁰² Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
¹⁰³ Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁴ School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana.
¹⁰⁷ One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador.
¹⁰⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.
¹⁰⁹ Infectious Disease Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
¹¹⁰ Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy.
¹¹¹ Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹¹² Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹¹³ Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹¹⁵ World Heart Federation, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹¹⁶ Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹¹⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹¹⁸ Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
¹¹⁹ Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹²⁰ Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
¹²¹ Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹²² Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²³ Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
¹²⁴ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
¹²⁵ Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹²⁶ Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India.
¹²⁷ Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹²⁸ Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkiye; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan.
¹²⁹ Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁰ Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
¹³¹ Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
¹³² Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
¹³³ Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India.
¹³⁴ Institute for Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹³⁵ Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹³⁶ Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
¹³⁷ Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India.
¹³⁸ Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
¹³⁹ Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
¹⁴¹ Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴² Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India.
¹⁴³ Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
¹⁴⁵ Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.
¹⁴⁷ Health Policy and Management Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (MD), USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁵¹ Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia.
¹⁵² Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹⁵³ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁵⁴ Higher Education Archives & Libraries Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan.
¹⁵⁵ School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁵⁶ School of global health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
¹⁵⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: jmosser@uw.edu.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

PMID: 41202826
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00562-6

Abstract

Background: Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, primarily transmitted by infected bugs, but also through contaminated food, transfusions, congenital transmission, and organ transplantation. Chagas disease has acute and chronic phases; the chronic phase can occur decades after infection, leading to complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and megaviscera. Accurate mortality and morbidity estimates are hindered by under-reporting and misclassification. Comprehensive and updated estimates are needed to improve global assessments of Chagas disease burden. We aim to provide a comprehensive description of global and regional burden of Chagas disease and its trends from 1990 to 2023.

Methods: In this systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, we produced estimates of Chagas disease deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), prevalence, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023 by age and sex. The GBD 2023 estimates supersede previous estimates for all years. For mortality estimates, we fit a cause of death ensemble model to vital registration data. For non-fatal estimates in endemic locations, we did a systematic review of seroprevalence data, defining a confirmed case as a confirmed diagnosis of T cruzi infection by two different positive tests (or a single ELISA or immunochromatographic test). After adjustment for the population at risk, we used a Bayesian compartmental model (DisMod-MR) to produce estimates. For non-endemic locations, we estimated prevalence on the basis of migration patterns and estimated prevalence from endemic countries. Prevalence of acute and chronic sequelae and corresponding disability weights were used to calculate YLDs.

Findings: We estimated 10·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 9·4-11·7) Chagas disease prevalent cases in 2023 globally, a 16·1% (12·6-19·2) decrease compared with 1990. The global age-standardised Chagas disease prevalence rate declined by 55·0% (53·8-56·1) from 1990 to 2023, with rates decreasing across all endemic regions. The highest age-standardised Chagas disease prevalence rates in 2023 were in southern Latin America (2485·9 [2249·6-2707·7] per 100 000) and Andean Latin America (2313·8 [2093·7-2570·1] per 100 000). Non-endemic regions experienced notable increases in prevalence due to migration from endemic countries. The age distribution of cases shifted over time, peaking at older ages in 2023 (between age 45 years and 65 years) compared with 1990 (30-45 years). In 2023, there were 352 000 (308 000-398 000) new cases of Chagas disease globally, with the age-standardised rate decreasing by 55·1% (53·4-56·6) since 1990. There were 8420 (7480-9360) deaths globally in 2023. Age-standardised mortality decreased by 72·5% (68·9-75·4) globally from 1990 to 2023. In 2023, the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in tropical Latin America (2·2 [1·9-2·4] per 100 000) and Andean Latin America (0·92 [0·70-1·2] per 100 000).

Interpretation: The GBD 2023 Chagas disease estimates are notably higher than previous GBD estimates, reflecting additional data and methodological improvements, and those published by the Pan American Health Organization. Nevertheless, these updated estimates show decreasing prevalence and incidence in endemic countries, highlighting the importance of socioeconomic development, housing conditions, and vector-control policies. Conversely, the increase in prevalence in non-endemic countries, mainly due to migration, requires new strategies for screening, early recognition, and access to care. Although the marked decrease in mortality and YLLs might be due to better access to care at different levels, the shift in age distribution highlights the importance of preparing and funding health systems for caring for older populations with advanced sequelae. Finally, the continuous refinement of data-source quality, including adequate coding and classification, is crucial for the accuracy of global estimates, which can ultimately drive health and social policies.

Funding: The Gates Foundation, the World Heart Federation, and Novartis Pharma.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests SaA reports support for the present study from the Institute of Public Health Lahore in the way of study material, manuscripts, medical writing, and library resources; grants or contracts from the Dean Office Institute of Public Health Lahore; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore; support for attending meetings or travel from the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as a member of the Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, membership in the Institutional Review Board of Fatima Jin-nah Medical University, membership in the Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board Institute of Public Health Lahore Pakistan, reports being in charge of the Clinical Research Organization King Edward Medical University, membership in the Annals of King Edward Medical University Advisory Board; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a member of the Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, membership in the Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee, membership in the Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, membership in the Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, membership in the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, membership in the Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society, Fellow of Leads International, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK, and Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Bergen University Norway for research writing; other financial or non-financial interests from the Dean Public Health Institute of Public Health Birdwood Lahore, outside the submitted work. OCB reports support for the present manuscript from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Fellowship (CNPq, 304224/2022-7), an Anima Institute Research Professor Fellowship, and support from Alfaisal University; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid from VividiWise Analytics as a Managing Partner and São José dos Campos Tech Park CITE as a Biotech Advisory Board member, outside the submitted work. AB reports grants or contracts from Gilead and GSK–ViiV; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Gilead and GSK; support for attending meetings or travel from Gilead and GSK (all paid to the University of West Attica); receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Cepheid, outside the submitted work. SB reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI 23KF0126), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Australian Academy of Science; a JSPS International Fellowship (P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles with the following board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid: as the District Chair of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Belonging of Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia); as the Chair, Founding Member, and Manager of the Global Health and Migration Hub Community and Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany); as an Editorial Board Member of PLoS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, the Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, and BMC Medical Research Methodology; as a member of the College of Reviewers with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Government of Canada); as Director of Research with the World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); as Expert Adviser and Reviewer with the Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy); as Visiting Director of the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center within the Department of Neurology and Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita (Osaka, Japan); as Member of the Scientific Review Committee of Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); as Chair of Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan; and as the Healthcare and Medical Adviser at Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan); all outside the submitted work. CD reports support for the present manuscript from Novartis as part of a research collaboration with the World Heart Federation, and World Heart Federation funded the Federal University of Minas Gerais to lead this project; stock or stock options in Novartis; and other financial support as a Novartis employee, outside this work. RCF reports support for attending meetings or travel from the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine Conference 2022–24; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid; presidency of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine; board membership of the Royal Life Saving Society Australia; presidency of Kidsafe Australia; and board membership in Auschem Training, outside the submitted work. YG reports support for the present manuscript from Novartis AG as part of a research collaboration with the World Heart Federation, and the World Heart Federation funded the Federal University of Minas Gerais to lead this project; and stock or stock options in Novartis, outside this work. AAH reports grant support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, outside the submitted work. IMI reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (451-03-137/2025-03/200110). MDI reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (451-03-47/2023-01/200111). IEM reports support for the present manuscript from Novartis as part of a research collaboration with the World Heart Federation, and the World Heart Federation funded the Federal University of Minas Gerais to lead this project. IM reports support for the present manuscript from Novartis as part of a research collaboration with the World Heart Federation, and World Heart Federation funded the Federal University of Minas Gerais to lead this project; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis (conference at a meeting to disseminate the global framework of the RAISE project). JFM reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation; grant funding from the Gates Foundation and Gavi, payment or honoraria for continuing medical education presentation from Providence Health & Services; and support for attending meetings or travel from the Gates Foundation, outside the submitted work. BRN reports funding from Novartis Pharma as part of a research collaboration with the World Heart Federation; and support from the World Health Federation (funding to the Federal University of Minas Gerais to lead this project). RP reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the Data Safety Monitoring Board dello studio Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi- treated/ineligible relapse/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria (Italy), unpaid; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the EBMT Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Paris (France) as a member, and the IRB/IEC Comitato Etico AO SS Antonio e Biagio Alessandria-ASL AL-VC (Italy) as a past Member (2020–23); all outside the submitted work. ALPR is supported in part by CNPq (310790/2021-2 and 408659/2024-6) and the Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG RED 00192-23). ALPR reports funding from Novartis Pharma as part of a research collaboration with the World Heart Federation, and support from the World Health Federation who funded the Federal University of Minas Gerais to lead this project.

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Global, regional, and national burden of Chagas disease, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

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Global, regional, and national burden of Chagas disease, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

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