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. 2025 Nov 7;30(1):1079.
doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03169-z.

Prediction of pathological risk subtypes of thymic anterior mediastinal cysts and thymic epithelial tumors based on CT radiomics and deep learning methods: a retrospective study

Weiran Zhang #  1 , Xiaojiang Zhao #  2 , Yun Ding  3 , Qingsheng Liu  4 , Jun Lv  1 , Daqiang Sun  5   6   7
Affiliations

Prediction of pathological risk subtypes of thymic anterior mediastinal cysts and thymic epithelial tumors based on CT radiomics and deep learning methods: a retrospective study

Weiran Zhang et al. Eur J Med Res. .

Abstract

Purpose statement: This study aims to develop a non-invasive model for preoperatively predicting the pathological risk classification of thymic anterior mediastinal cysts and thymic epithelial tumors using CT-based radiomics and deep learning. Accurate risk stratification before surgery can support personalized treatment planning and improve clinical outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 144 patients with pathologically confirmed thymic anterior mediastinal cysts or thymic epithelial tumors who underwent preoperative thin-slice chest CT between January 2014 and December 2023. Regions of interest were manually segmented, and 1834 handcrafted radiomics features-including geometric, intensity, and texture features-were extracted using Pyradiomics. Deep learning features were derived from a ResNet50 network with transfer learning and cosine annealing learning rate adjustment. Radiomics and deep features were fused into a deep learning radiomics (DLR) feature set. Feature selection was performed before model training. The models were evaluated in training (n = 101) and test (n = 43) cohorts.

Results: The radiomics model achieved an AUC of 0.876 in the training cohort and 0.800 in the test cohort. The deep learning model yielded AUCs of 0.838 and 0.831, respectively. The combined DLR model showed superior performance, with an AUC of 0.964 in the training cohort and 0.820 in the test cohort, outperforming unimodal models in classification accuracy and robustness.

Conclusions: In this study, a model for predicting pathological risk classification of thymic anterior mediastinal cysts and thymic epithelial tumors was developed by combining radiomics and deep learning, and its superior prediction was confirmed in verification. The results show that the model is capable of preoperatively assessing the pathological risk classification of patients, which provides strong support for the need of individual treatment strategies.

Keywords: Deep learning; Pathological subtyping; Radiomics; Thymic anterior mediastinal cyst; Thymic epithelial tumour.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the ethical review committee of Tianjin Chest Hospital. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Workflow diagram of this study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flowchart of patient inclusion and exclusion criteria
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Region of interest segmentation and feature extraction. A Region of interest localization on CT images. B Manual segmentation of tumors on CT images. C–D extracting the maximum cross-section of ROIs, respectively, and extracting deep learning features using convolutional neural networks
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
ROC curves of different models in the training and test cohorts respectively. A ROC curves of radiomics model in the training and test cohorts respectively. B ROC curves of deep learning model in the training and test cohorts respectively. C ROC curves of radiomics deep learning model in the training and test cohorts respectively
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Grad-CAM visualizations for 2 typical samples (‘136’ and ‘155’ respectively)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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